Three major categories of regional states emerged during the disintegration of Mughal power in the 18th century. The first category was of the 'Successor States' which included Hyderabad (Nizam-ul-Mulk, 1724), Bengal (Murshid Quli Khan, 1717) and Awadh (Sadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk, 1722); These states established self-rule but maintained nominal formal allegiance to the Mughal emperor and continued to issue coins and sermons in the emperor's name, hence statement D is incorrect. The second category was of 'independent states' which included Mysore (Hyder Ali), Kerala (King Marthanda Varma) and Rajput states, which emerged completely independent when Mughal power weakened. The third category was of 'new or rebellious states' which included the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and Ruhela-Bangash Afghans, who had emerged on the strength of armed rebellion against the Mughal central authority. Hence, since statements A, B and C are correct, option A is the correct answer.

The non-European world was divided between Spain and Portugal on the instructions of Pope Alexander VI through the historic Treaty of Tordesillas, signed on 7 June 1494, by drawing an imaginary line 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. In 1612, the British Navy under the leadership of Captain Thomas Best defeated the Portuguese in the sea battle of Swali near Surat and laid the foundation of a permanent English factory in Surat. On 13 February 1739, in the battle of Karnal, Persian ruler Nadir Shah defeated the huge army of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah 'Rangeela' and carried out a gruesome massacre in Delhi and looted the Peacock Throne (Takht-e-Taus) and the Kohinoor diamond. On 22 January 1760, during the Third Carnatic War, British General Sir Eyre Coote defeated the French commander Count de Lally in the decisive Battle of Wandiwash, ending the French Empire in India. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

In 1717, through the efforts of the British East India Company's emissary John Surman (who also included surgeon William Hamilton), the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar issued an extremely comprehensive trade edict, which historian Robert Orme called the Company's 'Magna Carta'. Under this decree, the company got permission for customs free trade in Bengal on an annual payment of only ₹ 3,000 and got the right to issue 'Dastak' for the transportation of goods. All octroi taxes were waived in Surat at an annual fee of ₹10,000 and permission was given to lease 38 additional villages around Calcutta. The most important financial provision was that the Company's coins minted at the Bombay mint were given full recognition for circulation as official legal tender not only in Bengal but throughout the Mughal Empire. Hence, option C is the correct answer due to the incorrect provision.

The development of Portuguese administration in India is linked to the chronology of four major governors. The first governor, Francisco de Almeida (1505–1509), implemented the 'Blue Water Policy' and the Carthage-Armada system to establish complete control over the Indian Ocean and defeated the Egypt-Gujarat combined fleet at the Battle of Diu in 1509. Alfonso de Albuquerque (1509–1515) was the real founder of Portuguese power in India, capturing Goa in 1510, gaining control of Malacca and Hormuz, encouraging marriage with Indian women, and abolishing Sati in his territories. Nino da Cunha (1529–1538) moved the government headquarters from Cochin to Goa in 1530, made Goa the official capital, and established dominance over Bassein (1534), Diu (1535) and Hooghly. During the reign of Governor Martim Alfonso de Souza (1542-1545), the famous Christian Saint Francisco Xavier reached Goa for preaching. Hence, all four statements A, B, C and D are completely true.

The Dutch East India Company (VOC - Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, 1602) established its first factory in India in 1605 at Masulipatnam (Andhra Pradesh). Pulicat became the main center of the Dutch in 1609, where they built 'Fort Galdria' and minted gold 'Pagoda' coins. In 1690, Nagapattinam on the Coromandel Coast replaced Pulicat as the main administrative center of the Dutch. The main trading center of the Dutch in Bengal was Chinsura, where they built 'Fort Gustavus'. Apart from this, the Dutch had famous factories in Surat (1616), Bimlipatnam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Cochin (1663) and Calicut (1666). In contrast, the foundation of 'Fort William' in Calcutta was laid in 1696-1700 by Job Charnock as the headquarters and military fort of the British East India Company, which had no connection with the Dutch. Hence option C is the correct answer.

In the post-Mughal period, 'Syed brothers' (Abdullah Khan and Hussain Ali Khan Barha) are famous in Indian history as 'Kingmakers'. He defeated Zulfikar Khan and Jahandar Shah in 1713 and made Farrukhsiyar the emperor. Later, when Farrukhsiyar hatched a conspiracy against them, in 1719 the Syed brothers, with the help of Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath, deposed Farrukhsiyar, blinded him and murdered him. He then succeeded Rafi-ud-Darajat (died of tuberculosis), Rafi-ud-Daula (died of dysentery) and finally Muhammad Shah 'Rangeela' on the throne in September 1719. In 1720, Hussain Ali was assassinated with the help of Turani group leader Chin Kilich Khan (Nizam-ul-Mulk) and Amin Khan and after the battle of Bilochpur in 1722, Abdullah Khan was captured and poisoned. Hence all four statements are true.

The foundation of British political dominance in Bengal was laid by the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, where Robert Clive defeated Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula on the strength of the treachery of Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh, Yar Latif and Jagat Seth and made Mir Jafar the puppet Nawab. In 1760, the Company replaced Mir Jafar with Mir Qasim as Nawab, who shifted the capital from Murshidabad to Munger for independent administration, established a cannon and gun factory there and abolished octroi taxes on all Indian traders on internal trade. This resulted in the historic Battle of Buxar on 22 October 1764, in which Major Hector Munro decisively defeated the combined triumvirate of the former Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. In August 1765, Clive implemented 'Dual Government' in Bengal through two treaties of Allahabad and received the civil rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in exchange for an annual pension of ₹ 26 lakh. Hence all the statements are correct.

The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first direct legal attempt by the British Parliament to establish parliamentary control over the East India Company's Indian affairs. Under this, the Governor of Bengal was made 'Governor-General of Bengal', the highest administrative officer of the three presidencies (Bengal, Bombay, Madras) and Lord Warren Hastings became the first Governor-General. To assist the Governor-General, a 4-member council (Philip Francis, Clavering, Monson, Barwell) was formed in which decisions were taken by majority. In 1774, the Supreme Court was established in Calcutta with the Chief Justice Sir Elijah Impey and three other judges (Robert Chambers, Stephen Caesar Lemaester, John Hyde). This Act contained clear legal instructions that the 'Court of Directors', the governing body of the Company, would submit all reports on the revenue, civil and military affairs of India to the British Government (Crown), and not to the Governor-General. Hence option D is false.

Pitt's India Act of 1784, introduced by British Prime Minister William Pitt Jr., was brought to correct the defects of the Regulating Act of 1773 and to establish effective control of the Crown over the Company. This completely separated the commercial and political functions of the company. A 6-member 'Board of Control' (comprising the Secretary of State, the Chancellor of the Exchequer and 4 Privy Councilors) was formed for political, military and revenue control, while commercial rights remained with the 'Court of Directors'. The number of members of the Governor-General's Council was reduced from 4 to 3 so that in case of deadlock the Governor-General could effectively use his casting vote. This Act consolidated Bengal's control over the Madras and Bombay Presidencies and for the first time the Company's territories in India were officially named 'British Possessions in India'. Hence all four statements are correct.

In 1793, Lord Cornwallis implemented the Permanent Settlement (Zamindari system) in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Varanasi and North Karnataka on the basis of Sir John Shore's plan, in which the Zamindars were treated as hereditary owners of the land and 10/11 part was fixed for the Company and 1/11 part for the Zamindar and if the rent was not paid before sunset on the fixed date under the 'Sunset Clause', the Zamindari was auctioned. Was given. The Ryotwari system was introduced in Madras, Bombay and Assam by Captain Reid (Baramahal in 1792) and Thomas Munro (1820), in which the farmer (ryot) was treated as the direct owner of the land and there was a system of reassessment in 20-30 years. Mahalawadi system was developed by Holt Mackenzie (1822) and R.M. By Bird (1833, father of land revenue system in North India) it was implemented collectively on the entire village (mahal) in United Province (UP), Punjab and Central Provinces. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

Lord Wellesley (1798–1805) elaborated the Subsidiary Treaty system to eliminate French influence and establish British supremacy (although it was initially used by the French Governor Dupleix). Under this treaty, the Indian rulers gave up their external sovereignty, disbanded their independent army, replaced it with a British auxiliary army and accepted the intervention of the British Resident in internal affairs. The Company in return assured the states of protection from external attacks and internal rebellions. The correct chronology of the major states that accepted this system were Hyderabad (1798 and 1800), Mysore (after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 1799), Tanjore (1799), Awadh (1801), Peshwa Bajirao II (Treaty of Bassein 1802), Bhonsle (Treaty of Devgaon 1803), Scindia (Surji-Arjungaon 1803) and Jodhpur, Jaipur, Bharatpur. Hence all four statements are true.

Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) applied the 'Doctrine of Lapse' to expand the Company's empire. Under this, Indian states were divided into three categories and the right of the states formed under British protection to adopt sons without prior permission was abolished. Satara (1848) became the first victim of this policy, followed by the merger of Sambalpur and Jaitpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur-MP (1852), Jhansi (1853-54) and Nagpur (1854). Nagpur (1854) was the last major state to be annexed under the annexation policy (Jhansi happened in 1853, hence statement D is incorrect). Awadh was annexed in February 1856 by accusing Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of misrule based on the report of Resident James Outram, which became a major cause of the rebellion of 1857. Hence option C is correct.

The revolution of 1857 started from Meerut Cantonment on 10 May 1857. In Delhi, the 82-year-old Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II was proclaimed Emperor of India, but actual military power rested with a 10-member administrative council under General Bakht Khan from Bareilly, who received the title of 'Sahib-e-Alam Bahadur'. In Kanpur, Nana Saheb, the adopted son of the last Peshwa Bajirao II, took command, whose chief military advisor was Tatya Tope and diplomatic advisor Azimullah Khan (who has been called a revolutionary preacher and 'Indian Machiavelli'). In Lucknow, Begum Hazrat Mahal led the rebellion by declaring her minor son Brijis Quadr as the Nawab. In Jagdishpur, Bihar, 80-year-old zamindar Kunwar Singh gave a tough fight to the British, while in Bareilly, Khan Bahadur Khan, a descendant of the Ruhela ruler, and Maulvi Ahmadullah in Faizabad led the rebellion. Hence all four statements are completely true.

The turning point in the suppression of the Revolt of 1857 was the re-conquest of Delhi. Delhi was recaptured by the British on 20 September 1857 after a long siege under the leadership of British generals John Nicholson, Sir Archidale Wilson and Colonel Baird Smith. John Nicholson was killed in this conflict. Lieutenant Hudson shot the Mughal princes (Mirza Mughal, Mirza Khizr Sultan, Mirza Abu Bakr) after they surrendered near Humayun's Tomb. Bahadur Shah Zafar and his wife Zeenat Mahal were prosecuted and exiled to Rangoon (Myanmar), where the last Mughal emperor died on 7 November 1862. The fall of Delhi marked the formal end of the Mughal dynasty and the central axis of rebellion in North India broke. Hence all the statements are true.

The rebellion of 1857 was unsuccessful due to many reasons. Its geographical spread was mainly limited to North and Central India (Delhi, Awadh, Rohilkhand, Bihar, Bundelkhand), while South India, Eastern India and Western India remained largely silent. The biggest weakness was that the educated middle class (which considered British rule as the harbinger of modernity), big businessmen and moneylenders completely stayed away from the rebellion (hence statement B is incorrect). The then Governor-General Lord Canning had admitted that if native rulers like Scindia and the Nizam of Hyderabad had not played the role of 'Breakwaters in the Storm', our rule would have been swept away. The rebels had individual loyalties but no alternative political structure or unified modern national idea of ​​the future. Hence option B is the correct answer.

There were many local protests before and after 1857 against British colonial exploitation. Military chieftains (Polyagars) of the Nayak rulers in the Tirunelveli region of Tamil Nadu fought two Poliyar wars from 1799–1805 under the leadership of Veerapandya Kattabomman (Panchalankurichi) and the Marudu Pandyan brothers of Sivagangai. The Ramos, who served as police under the Peshwas in the Satara-Pune region of Maharashtra, rebelled under the leadership of Chittar Singh (1822) and Umaji Naik against unemployment and heavy taxes after the fall of the Maratha Empire. On June 30, 1855, Santhals from Bhognadih started 'Hul' (Santhal rebellion) against the moneylenders and British officers in 'Damin-e-Koh' area whose leaders were Sidhu-Kanhu. In 1922–24, Alluri Sitarama Raju (ascetic Ramaraju) fought a guerrilla war against exploitative forest laws and forced labor in the Rampa/Konda Dora area. Hence all four statements are true.

In 1902, Lord Curzon constituted the 'Raleigh Commission' (University Commission) under the chairmanship of Sir Thomas Raleigh, which included two Indian members, Syed Hussain Bilgrami and Justice Gurudas Banerjee, to investigate the condition of Indian universities, improve their standards and suggest amendments in their organizational structure. On the basis of the recommendations of this commission, the 'Indian Universities Act, 1904' was passed. The Act increased government control over senates and syndicates in universities, tightened affiliation rules for private colleges, and limited the autonomy of higher education, drawing sharp criticism from nationalist leaders. Hunter Commission was formed in 1882 for primary education and Sadler Commission was formed in 1917 for Calcutta University. Hence option A is the correct answer.

After the severe famine of 1899-1900, Lord Curzon appointed the 'Indian Irrigation Commission' in 1901 under the chairmanship of Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff for the management of water resources and development of irrigation systems throughout India. This commission submitted its report in 1903, which recommended long-term strategies of construction of canals, irrigation of an additional 65 lakh acres and extensive irrigation infrastructure, especially in Punjab, Sindh and the Deccan. Apart from this, Curzon had constituted 'Famine Commission' under the chairmanship of Sir Antony MacDonnell in 1900 and 'Police Reform Commission' under the chairmanship of Sir Andrew Fraser in 1902. Hence option A is the correct answer.

Acting Governor-General Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835–1836) took a historic step towards freedom of the press in India. He repealed the harsh and oppressive 'Press Ordinance' (which had forced Raja Rammohan Roy to stop publishing his Persian magazine 'Mirat-ul-Akhbar') imposed by John Adams in 1823. Metcalfe passed the famous 'Press Act, 1835' (Act XI), under which it was enough for the printer and publisher to make only a general declaration of the location of the press. This extremely liberal policy paved the way for the rapid development of Indian newspapers, as a result of which Charles Metcalfe was honored with the title of 'Liberator of the Indian Press'. Hence option B is the correct answer.

The Ilbert Bill, introduced during the tenure of Lord Ripon (1880-1884), was a very important political development in colonial India. At that time, Indian judges did not have the right to hear cases of European citizens on racial grounds. Sir Courtney Ilbert introduced a bill in 1883 to remove this discrimination. In protest against this, the tea planters of Calcutta and Assam and the European community organized a 'White Mutiny' and boycotted Ripon. Ultimately the government relented and in January 1884 a compromise amendment was made, under which European accused could demand a 12-member jury of which at least 7 members were Europeans. This controversy sent a clear message to Indians that there was an essential need for an all-India political organization to demand their rights from the British, which formed the background to the establishment of the Congress in 1885. Hence all the statements are true.

After the end of World War II, the British government tried the Azad Hind Fauj (INA) prisoners of war in the Red Fort in a military court on charges of treason and murder. In the first trial, held between 5 and 11 November 1945, senior military officers from all three communities, Hindu (Prem Sehgal), Sikh (Gurbaksh Dhillon) and Muslim (Shahnawaz Khan) were tried together, which witnessed unprecedented national unity and popular uprising across the country. Congress formed 'INA Defense Committee', whose chief spokesperson was Bhulabhai Desai and after 25 years, Jawaharlal Nehru wore the lawyers' gown for the first time. In view of public pressure and a possible military mutiny, the then Commander-in-Chief Sir Claude Auchinleck exercised his prerogative and pardoned the sentences of all three (hence statement D is incorrect). Hence option A is correct.

The Royal Indian Navy mutiny was started on 18 February 1946 by about 1,100 ratings of the training ship 'HMIS Talwar' based in Bombay harbour. The immediate causes of the rebellion were poor food, racial discrimination, ill-treatment by British officials and the B.C. The arrest was due to Dutt writing 'Quit India' on the ship. The mutiny spread to 20,000 sailors in 78 ships and 20 shore establishments, including 'HMIS Hindustan' in Karachi and Calcutta, Madras, Visakhapatnam. Marines M.S. Formed a 'Naval Central Strike Committee' under the leadership of Khan and hoisted the flags of Congress, Muslim League and Communist Party together on their ships. Ultimately on 23 February 1946, he surrendered on the assurance of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Hence option A is the correct answer.

British Prime Minister Clement Attlee sent a three-member Cabinet Mission to India in 1946 to end India's constitutional deadlock, headed by Lord Pethick Lawrence and headed by Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander was a member (Viceroy Lord Wavell played the role of mediator in this but he was not a cabinet member). In the plan announced on 16 May 1946, the Mission rejected Pakistan's demand as impractical. It recommended a three-tier federal structure in which the Center would look after only defence, foreign affairs and communications and the Union would have the power to impose taxes for the same. All other subject and residuary powers remained with the provinces. The path was paved for ending British Paramountcy over the princely states and the formation of the Constituent Assembly. Hence all four statements are true.

Under the Cabinet Mission Plan, the provinces were classified into three categories – A (Hindu majority), B (North-West Muslim majority) and C (North-East Muslim majority Bengal and Assam). Each class had the right to make its own provincial and group constitution. There was a provision of 'triple majority' on communal matters to protect the interests of minorities in the federal legislature. A total of 389 members of the Constituent Assembly (292 from the British Provinces, 93 from the Princely States and 4 from the Chief Commissioner's Territories) were to be elected by proportional representation. The Congress believed that according to Section 15, grouping was optional and Assam or the North-Western Provinces could remain out of the group, while the League considered it compulsory. It was due to this interpretive conflict that the Cabinet Mission ultimately failed. Hence all the statements are true.

On 25 April 1809, the historic Treaty of Amritsar was signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British East India Company (through Charles Metcalfe). The Governor-General of India at that time was Lord Minto I (1807-1813). After the Treaty of Tilsit of 1807 between Napoleon and Russia, the British made this diplomatic agreement fearing a possible French attack. Under this treaty, the Sutlej River was accepted as the boundary between the Sikh Empire and the British sphere of influence. Ranjit Singh gave up his claim on the Sikh 'Sis-Sutlej' princely states (Patiala, Nabha, Jind etc.) located east of the Sutlej, in return for which the British allowed Ranjit Singh to have independent expansion in the north-west of the Sutlej and both parties promised eternal friendship. Hence option B is the correct answer.

During the British period, many important commissions were formed for administrative reorganization. In 1882, Lord Ripon appointed 'Hunter Commission' under the chairmanship of Sir William Hunter to review the progress of primary and secondary education, which emphasized on female education and handing over primary education to local bodies. During the reign of Lord Curzon, in 1901, an 'Irrigation Commission' was formed under the chairmanship of Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff, which planned the expansion of the canal system. In 1902, 'University Commission' was formed under the chairmanship of Sir Thomas Raleigh, on the basis of which the Act of 1904 came. In 1902 itself, 'Police Commission' was formed under the chairmanship of Sir Andrew Fraser which recommended the establishment of CID and improvement in police salary and training. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

The Eka Movement (1921–1922) was a powerful peasant movement that emerged in the northern districts of Awadh—Hardoi, Bahraich, Sitapur and Barabanki. Initially it was started by Congress and Khilafat leaders in the background of the Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement, but soon its leadership came into the hands of local low caste peasant leaders like 'Madari Pasi' and Sahadev. The agitators took a religious oath (Eka) on the banks of river Ganga that they would not pay illegal extortion of 50% more than the fixed rent, would not do forced labor and would not give up the evicted land. As Madari Pasi's stance became radical and violent, the Congress disassociated itself from it and by March 1922 the authorities suppressed it with harsh military force. Hence option B is the correct answer.

The Moplah rebellion of Malabar (1921) was the culmination of the peasant unrest that had been going on since the 19th century. In the traditional system of Malabar, the Janmi (landlord) and the Kanakkaran (Moplah tenant) shared the produce, but British laws made the Janmi the absolute owner of the land, giving him high rents (75-80%) and arbitrary eviction rights. In 1921, rumors of the arrest of Khilafat leader Ali Musaliar led to a rebellion, and Wariyamkunath Kunhammad Haji ran a parallel administration. Later it took a violent communal form. In November 1921, 64 Moplah prisoners died of suffocation while being transported in a closed goods train compartment, in what is known in history as the 'Wagon Tragedy'. In 1971, the Kerala government granted the status of freedom fighters to the Moplah rebels. Hence all four statements are true.

ब्रिटिश इंडियन एसोसिएशन की स्थापना अक्टूबर 1851 में कलकत्ता में द्वारकानाथ टैगोर की लैंडहोल्डर्स सोसाइटी (1838) और जॉर्ज थॉमसन की बंगाल ब्रिटिश इंडिया सोसाइटी (1843) के विलय से की गई थी। इसके अध्यक्ष राधाकांत देब और महासचिव देवेंद्रनाथ टैगोर थे। यह भारत का पहला राजनीतिक संगठन था जिसने स्थानीय हितों के बजाय अखिल भारतीय दृष्टिकोण अपनाया। 1853 के चार्टर एक्ट से पूर्व इसने ब्रिटिश संसद को याचिका भेजकर पृथक विधान परिषद की स्थापना, उच्च सेवाओं के भारतीयकरण और गैर-सरकारी सदस्यों के समावेश की मांग की, जिसे 1853 के चार्टर में आंशिक रूप से स्वीकार किया गया। यद्यपि इसका दृष्टिकोण राष्ट्रवादी था, परंतु इसका नेतृत्व और चरित्र मुख्य रूप से उच्चवर्गीय जमींदार और अभिजात वर्ग का था, न कि कृषकों या श्रमिकों का। Hence option D is false.

Pre-Congress political organizations played a fundamental role in the development of national consciousness. On 26 August 1852, with the efforts of Dadabhai Naoroji and Jagannath Shankarseth, Bombay's first political organization 'Bombay Association' was formed. 'Madras Mahajan Sabha' was founded on 16 May 1884 in Madras Presidency by P. Rangaiah Naidu (President), P. Anand Charlu and Veeraghavachari (Secretary). Dadabhai Naoroji formed the 'East India Association' in London in 1866 to make the British public and Parliament aware of Indian problems and to create pressure for Indian welfare. In 1870 M.G. Ranade and G.V. Joshi ('Kaka') established 'Poona Sarvajanik Sabha' to mediate between the government and the public. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

The Indian National Congress was founded on 28 December 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay. This conference was initially to be held in Poona but due to the outbreak of Cholera there, it was shifted to Bombay. This historic first session was presided over by eminent barrister W.C. Bonnerjee and 72 eminent delegates participated in it. Retired British civil servant A.O. Hume became its founding general secretary. The then Viceroy Lord Dufferin did not initially oppose it but considered it a non-harmful platform and even gave a 'Garden Party' to the delegates at the second Calcutta session of 1886, although he later ridiculed it by calling it a 'Microscopic Minority' (hence statement D is wrong). Hence option A is the correct answer.

Historians and leaders presented various theories regarding the origin of Congress. Lala Lajpat Rai, while giving 'Safety Valve Theory' in 'Young India' in 1916, wrote that Hume formed Congress on the advice of Dufferin to save the British from possible public anger like 1857. Gopal Krishna Gokhale gave the 'Lightning Conductor Theory' in 1913, according to which Indian nationalists used Hume as a lightning conductor so that the British government could not crush the nascent movement. Marxist historian Rajni Pam Dutt put forward a 'conspiracy theory' in 'India Today' that the Congress was the result of a secret collusion between imperialism and the bourgeoisie. Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee wrote in 1898 that the Congress was actually the brainchild of Lord Dufferin. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

The period from 1885 to 1905 is called the 'Moderate Phase' of the Congress, whose prominent leaders were Dadabhai Naoroji, Firozshah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Dinsha Wacha and Surendranath Banerjee. The liberals' methodology was based on peaceful and gradual reforms within constitutional limits. His methodology was called '3-P' i.e. 'Prayer, Petition and Protest'. He had unwavering faith in British justice and conveyed his demands to the British Parliament through memorandums, delegations and petitions. In 1889, 'British Committee of Congress' was formed in London under the chairmanship of William Wedderburn which brought out a magazine named 'India'. Later extremist leaders (Tilak, Lajpat Rai) rejected this method as 'political mendicancy'. Hence option A is the correct answer.

Drain of Wealth meant that a large portion of Indian revenues and resources were being sent to Britain without any material or economic return. Dadabhai Naoroji read the essay 'England's Debt to India' before the East India Association on 2 May 1867 and later published 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' in 1901 in which he cited 'Home Charges', pensions of officers, guaranteed interest and profits on railways as the main causes of India's poverty. R.C. Dutt wrote in 'Economic History of India' that the sponge of the British in the form of taxes absorbs money from the Ganga and squeezes it in the Thames. The Congress accepted this principle as an official resolution in the Calcutta session of 1896. M.G. Ranade and G.V. Joshi also supported this theory. Hence all four statements are true.

Raja Rammohan Roy was the originator of the socio-religious reform movement in India. He wrote 'Tuhfat-ul-Muwahideen' (Gift to the Monotheists) in Persian in 1809 and 'Precepts of Jesus' in 1820 to propagate monotheism. In 1815, he formed Atmiya Sabha and in 1828, he formed Brahmo Samaj, whose objective was the worship of formless Brahma, rejection of idol worship and opposition to casteism. Due to his efforts, on 4 December 1829, Lord William Bentinck declared the practice of Sati a punishable offense by Regulation 17. Established Hindu College in Calcutta in 1817 with the help of David Hare and Vedanta College in 1825. Mughal Emperor Akbar II gave him the title of 'Raja' and sent him to London to increase his pension, where he died of meningitis in Bristol on 27 September 1833. Hence all the statements are true.

After the death of Raja Rammohan Roy, in 1839, Debendranath Tagore formed 'Tatvabodhini Sabha' which brought out 'Tatvabodhini Patrika' and joined Brahmo Samaj in 1842. Keshav Chandra Sen joined the Brahmo Samaj in 1858. The first split occurred in 1866 due to differences of opinion (Keshav Sen's recitation of texts from other religions and emphasis on inter-caste marriage): Debendranath's faction was called 'Adi Brahmo Samaj' and Keshav Chandra Sen's faction was called 'Bharatiya Brahmo Samaj'. In 1878, when Keshav Chandra Sen married his 13-year-old minor daughter to the Raja of Cooch Behar in Vedic rites (which was in violation of the Native Marriage Act of 1872), his followers separated and founded the 'Simple Brahmo Samaj' under the leadership of Anand Mohan Bose, Shivnath Shastri and Dwarkanath Ganguly. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

Swami Dayanand Saraswati (born: 1824 in Tankara, Gujarat, childhood name Moolshankar) learned the Vedas from Swami Virjanand in Mathura. Arya Samaj was established in Bombay in 1875, whose 10 principles were finally decided in the Lahore session of 1877. He rejected idol worship, incarnationism, sacrificial practice and birth-based casteism but considered the Vedas as 'Apaurusheya' and divine knowledge. In 1874–75 he composed 'Satyarth Prakash' in Navlakha Palace in Udaipur. He hoisted the flag of 'Pakhanda Khandini', wrote 'Pakhanda Khandan' and 'Ved Bhashya'. He started 'Shuddhi Movement' for the re-entry of converted Hindus and formed 'Gorakshini Sabha' for cow protection. Valentine Shirol in his book 'Indian Unrest' called Arya Samaj the 'father of Indian unrest'. Hence all four statements are true.

In 1892-93, there was a division in the Arya Samaj on the question of non-vegetarian vs. vegetarian and medium of education (Western English education vs. ancient Vedic education). The party supporting Western education and English medium was called 'College Party', which was led by Lala Hansraj and Lala Lajpat Rai; This group established the first 'Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) School and College in Lahore in 1886. In contrast, the party supporting pure Vedic education and Gurukul tradition was called 'Gurukul Party' (Mahatma Dal), led by Swami Shraddhanand (Mahatma Munshiram) and Pandit Lekhram; He established 'Gurukul Kangri University' in Kangri, Haridwar in 1902. Hence option A is the correct answer.

Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902) was a great spiritual and neo-Vedanti thinker of modern India. On September 11, 1893, at the Parliament of Religions in Chicago, he introduced Advaita Vedanta to the world by addressing "My American brothers and sisters", after which the New York Herald wrote that it was foolish to send Christian missionaries to such a learned country. He formed the 'Vedanta Society' in New York in 1896. Ramakrishna Mission was established in Calcutta on May 1, 1897, whose motto is "Atmano Mokshartham Jagaddhitay Cha" (For one's own liberation and the welfare of the world). Belur Math became the main center in 1899. He published the monthly 'Prabuddha Bharat' in English and 'Udbodhan' in Bengali and wrote the books 'Gyan Yoga', 'Bhakti Yoga', 'Karma Yoga' and 'Raj Yoga'. Subhash Chandra Bose called him "the spiritual father of the modern national movement". Hence all four statements are true.

In 1875 the Russian woman Madame H.P. Blavatsky and American Colonel H.S. Olcott formed the 'Theosophical Society' in New York, whose international headquarters were established at Adyar, near Madras, in 1882; Annie Besant joined it in 1893 and established the Central Hindu College in Banaras in 1898. In March 1867, under the inspiration of Keshav Chandra Sen, Atmaram Pandurang, M.G. Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar formed 'Prarthana Samaj' which brought out Subodh magazine. On 24 September 1873, Jyotirao Phule formed 'Satyashodhak Samaj' in Pune whose objective was to free the Shudras and Ati-Shudras from Brahministic exploitation. In 1908, Parsi reformers Bahramji Malabari (who passed the Age of Consent Act of 1891) and Dayaram Gidumal established 'Seva Sadan' in Bombay for the welfare of destitute women. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a major pioneer of modern scientific approach and English education in Muslim society in the 19th century. After the rebellion of 1857 he wrote the book 'Asbab-e-Bagavat-e-Hind' (Reasons for the Indian Rebellion). In 1864, Scientific Society was formed in Ghazipur which was later brought to Aligarh. After returning from a trip to London in 1870, he brought out the magazine 'Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq' and gave a rational interpretation of the Quran and opposed the practice of peer-muridi and purdah. MAO established in 1875 The first principal of the college was Theodore Beck. Initially he was a supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity and called India "the two eyes of the beautiful bride", but later, under British influence, he strongly opposed the Congress and formed the Patriotic Association in 1888 and the 'Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Defense Association' in 1893. Hence all four statements are true.

Mahatma Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (1827-1890) was a great social reformer, thinker and writer from Maharashtra. He wrote a classic book titled 'Gulamgiri' (Slavery) in 1873, which he dedicated to the American citizens who freed black slaves during the American Civil War. In this book, he gives a historical reinterpretation of mythological Hindu narratives (such as Parashurama and Vamana avatar) and explains how the Aryan invaders defeated the original inhabitants of India (Shudras and Ati-Shudras) and enslaved them. He opened India's first girls' school in Bhidewada, Pune in 1848, in which his wife Savitribai Phule became the first teacher. His other famous works include the plays 'Sarvajanik Satyadharma Pustak', 'Shetakriyacha Asud' (The Farmer's Whip) and 'Tritiya Ratna'. Hence option A is the correct answer.

The Young Bengal Movement was the most radical and intellectual movement of early 19th century Bengal. Its originator was Henry Vivian Derozio who taught at Hindu College from 1826 to 1831. He inspired students to think independently, question all stereotypes and search for truth. His disciples (Derogenians – such as Krishnamohan Banerjee, Ramgopal Ghosh, Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee) openly attacked traditional Hindu rituals. Derozio wrote patriotic poems like 'The Fakir of Janghira' and is considered the first modern nationalist poet of India. In 1831, the college management dismissed him on charges of propagating anti-religious ideas and he died of cholera at the age of just 22. Hence all the statements are true.

Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820–1891) was an eminent principal of Sanskrit College, Calcutta, educationist and social reformer. He presented irrefutable evidence from quotations from ancient Sanskrit scriptures (especially Parashara Smriti) that there is clear acceptance of widow remarriage in Hindu theology. He sent a petition to the British government with approximately 1,000 signatures. It was drafted during the tenure of Lord Dalhousie and 'Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856' (Act 15) was passed on 26 July 1856 during the reign of Lord Canning. The first legal widow marriage took place in Calcutta on 7 December 1856 in the presence of Vidyasagar. Vidyasagar JED for women education. Along with Bethune, he also played a leading role in the establishment of Bethune School in 1849. Hence option A is the correct answer.

During the British period, laws were made against social evils. In 1829, Lord Bentinck made a law prohibiting the practice of Sati. In 1872, the 'Native Marriage Act' (Civil Marriage Act) came through the efforts of Keshav Chandra Sen which prohibited polygamy and fixed the marriage age of girls at 14 years. In 1891, due to the efforts of Bahramji Malabari, the 'Age of Consent Act' was enacted which declared the marriage of girls below 12 years of age as a crime (Bal Gangadhar Tilak had opposed it considering it as foreign interference in Indian religion). In 1929, due to the efforts of Dr. Harvilas Sharda, a famous educationist and MP of Ajmer, 'Sharda Act' was passed which came into force on 1 April 1930, under which the minimum age of marriage was set at 18 years for boys and 14 years for girls. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

Enraged by the severe famine of 1876–78 and the scathing criticism in Indian language newspapers on the Delhi Durbar of 1877, Lord Lytton passed the 'Vernacular Press Act' (Act IX) in March 1878. This law was modeled on Irish press laws. Under this, the District Magistrate had the right to get a security bond filled by any Indian language printer and to seize the press without judicial appeal if it printed anti-government material. This law was specifically targeted at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's 'Soma Prakash', 'Bharat Mihir', 'Dhaka Prakash' and 'Sahachar'. To avoid this, 'Amrit Bazaar Patrika' started being published in English overnight. In 1882, Lord Ripon abolished this black law, restoring freedom of the press. Hence all four statements are true.

The first Factory Act of 1881 was brought during the tenure of Lord Ripon to stop the pressure of British cotton mill owners and the exploitation of child labor in India. This Act was applicable only to those factories where at least 100 workers were employed and steam power was used. There was a provision that children below 7 years of age could not be employed in a factory; Working hours for children aged between 7 to 12 years were fixed at a maximum of 9 hours per day and a mandatory holiday of 4 days in a month and fencing of dangerous machines was made a rule. This law did not apply to adults and women. The 'Second Factory Act' was passed during the time of Lord Lansdowne in 1891 for factories employing women and more than 50 workers. Hence option A is the correct answer.

The Munda Ulgulan of Chhotanagpur (1899–1900) was the most organized and inspired tribal rebellion of modern India. By ending the traditional 'Khuntkatti' (joint landholding) system of the Mundas, British laws tightened the noose of landlords, moneylenders and missionaries (who were called 'Diku' i.e. outside exploiters). Birsa Munda (1875-1900) gave the message of worship of Sinhabonga (the only God) and integrated religious and political movements. They attacked British posts and missionaries in Ranchi, Khunti and Tamar. Birsa Munda was arrested while sleeping in Jamkopai forest on 3 February 1900 and died of cholera (under suspicious circumstances) in Ranchi jail on 9 June 1900 at the age of 25. The CNT Act, passed in 1908, placed a complete ban on the transfer of tribal lands to non-tribals. Hence all four statements are true.

The tribal rebellions against British policies showed unparalleled bravery. In 1831-32, the Kol tribals of Chhotanagpur led the Kol rebellion under the leadership of Buddhu Bhagat, Joa Bhagat and Madara Mahato in protest against the landlords leasing out their land to outside Muslims and Sikhs. In 1855-56, Sidhu-Kanhu led the Santhal Hul against the moneylenders and police oppression in the Rajmahal hills (Damin-e-Koh) of Bihar-Bengal, after which 'Santhal Pargana' was formed. Alluri Sitarama Raju fought a guerrilla war against the Madras Forest Act of 1882 in the Godavari Agency area in 1922–24. In 1829–33, the Khasi rebellion was led by Tirath Singh, a Khasi tribal chief, against forced labor and construction of a military road connecting Assam and Sylhet. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

The Indigo Rebellion of 1859-60 was the first peasant movement in India which was completely non-violent, well-organized and 100 percent successful. European planters forced Indian farmers to cultivate indigo on fertile rice land by giving them only a nominal advance (Dadni). Starting from Govindpur in Nadia district, the movement spread to Jessore, Pabna, Khulna, Dhaka and Malda. Farmers resorted to social boycott and legal cases. Deenbandhu Mitra wrote the play 'Neel Darpan' in 1860, which was translated into English by Madhusudan Dutt and published by Reverend James Long (for which Long was jailed for 1 month). Harish Chandra Mukherjee, editor of Hindu Patriot, provided legal aid to the farmers. The Indigo Commission of 1860 recognized that indigo cultivation was a complete loss-making deal for the farmers and no farmer could be forced to do so. Hence all four statements are true.

The Pabna Peasant Revolt (1873–1876) began in the Yousafshahi pargana of Pabna district in East Bengal. The landlords were increasing the rents heavily and making fake leases to snatch away the occupancy rights given to the tenants by Act X of 1859. In protest against this, in May 1873, farmers formed the 'Pabna Krishak Sangh' (Agrarian League) which was led by Ishan Chandra Rai ('Ishan Raja'), Shambhupal and Khudi Mulla. The unique feature of this movement was that it was completely legal and peaceful rather than violent; The farmers' famous slogan was: "We want to be Queen Victoria's subjects." Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, R.C. Dutt and Anand Mohan Bose (Indian Association) supported it. Ultimately, the government passed the historic 'Bengal Tenancy Act, 1885' in 1885 and provided tenantry rights to the farmers. Hence option A is the correct answer.

Cotton prices fell sharply after the end of the American Civil War (1861–65) under the Ryotwari system in the Deccan region of Maharashtra, and the government increased the land revenue by 50% in 1867. Due to crop failure, farmers had to take loans from moneylenders at huge interest rates. Moneylenders started confiscating farmers' lands and cattle through court decrees. In May 1875, a rebellion broke out in the market of Supa. The farmers socially boycotted the moneylenders and snatched their account books and burnt them publicly. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (M.G. Ranade) supported the demands of the farmers. The government formed a commission of inquiry in 1876, on the basis of whose report the 'Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Act, 1879' was passed in 1879, which prohibited sending bankrupt farmers to jail and protected mortgaged land. Hence all four statements are true.

The Anglo-Mysore conflict was a major link in British expansion in India. In the First War (1767–69), Hyder Ali marched to Madras and forced the British to sign the humiliating 'Treaty of Madras' (1769). In the Second War (1780–84), Sir Eyre Coote wounded Hyder Ali in the Battle of Porto Novo (1781) and after Hyder's death in 1782, Tipu Sultan took command and concluded the 'Treaty of Mangalore' in 1784. In the Third War (1790-92), Lord Cornwallis, along with the Marathas and the Nizam, defeated Tipu and in 1792, through the 'Treaty of Srirangapatna', snatched ₹ 3.30 crore as compensation and half the kingdom from Tipu and took his two sons hostage. In the Fourth War (1799), Lord Wellesley martyred Tipu Sultan while protecting the fort of Srirangapatna on 4 May 1799 and imposed a subsidiary treaty by installing Krishnaraja, a child of the Wadiyar dynasty, on the throne. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

There were three decisive battles between the Maratha Empire and the East India Company. The first war (1775–82) started with the conspiracy of Raghunath Rao (Raghoba) and ended by the Treaty of Salbai in 1782 in which the British acknowledged Madhavrao Narayan as Peshwa. Fearful of Jaswantrao Holkar defeating the combined forces of Peshwa and Scindia in the Second War (1803-05), Peshwa Bajirao II sold his independence by signing the Treaty of Bassein in 1802; Bhonsle (Devgaon Pact 1803), Scindia (Surji-Arjungaon 1803) and Holkar (Rajghat Pact 1805) fought against this but were defeated. In the Third War (1817-18), Lord Hastings completely crushed the Maratha confederacy under the pretext of suppressing the Pindaris; In 1818, after the post of Peshwa was abolished, Chhatrapati Shivaji's descendant Pratap Singh was given the small principality of Satara and Bajirao II was exiled to Bithoor. Hence all four statements are true.

After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, political instability spread in Punjab. In the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46), the Sikh army lost in the Battle of Sabraon due to the betrayal of Lal Singh and Teja Singh; The Treaty of Lahore was signed in March 1846 and the British Residency was established under the leadership of Sir Henry Lawrence by the Treaty of Bhairowal in December 1846. The second war (1848–49) broke out due to the rebellion of Mulraj, the governor of Multan, and Chhatar Singh. On 13 January 1849, the Sikhs fought a tough battle at Chillianwala, but on 21 February 1849, the Sikh army was decisively defeated in the 'Battle of Gujrat' under the leadership of General Charles Napier/Hugh Gough. On 29 March 1849, Dalhousie merged Punjab and formed a three-member board of John Lawrence, Henry Lawrence and Charles Mansell. The famous Kohinoor diamond was sent to Queen Victoria. Hence all four statements are true.

The Charter Act of 1813 was brought about under the pressure of British merchants due to Napoleon's 'Continental System'. This Act ended the Company's 20-year-old trading monopoly and opened trade in India to all British citizens, but made two exceptions: the Company's monopoly on the tea trade and trade with China continued until 1833. An annual amount of ₹ 1 lakh was earmarked for the development of education and science in India (which later gave rise to the Eastern-Western education controversy). Christian missionaries were given legal freedom to enter India and preach religion and the sovereignty of the British Emperor was made clear. The act of completely abolishing all trading rights of the Company and making it a mere administrative body was done by the Charter Act of 1833, not by 1813. Hence option D is a false statement.

The Charter Act of 1833 was the culmination of legislative and administrative centralization of British India. Under this, the Governor-General of Bengal, Lord William Bentinck was made the first Governor-General of the whole of India and the power to make laws was taken away from the provincial governments of Madras and Bombay and vested in the Central Council. The business existence of the company was completely ended. Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay was added as the first law member (without voting rights) in the Governor-General's Council and in 1834, the first 'Law Commission' was formed under the chairmanship of Macaulay which drafted the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Section 87 declared the principle of non-discrimination in government services based on merit as the sole basis (although this remained on paper for a long time). The same Act directed to declare slavery illegal in India, which was abolished by Lord Ellenborough in 1843. Hence all four statements are true.

The Charter Act of 1853 was the last Charter Act of the Company's reign. Its most revolutionary feature was that it abolished the 'Patronage System' in the Civil Services (ICS) i.e. appointment on the recommendation of the Court of Directors and introduced selection through open competitive examination. In 1854, 'Macaulay Committee' was appointed under the chairmanship of Lord Macaulay and examinations started in London from 1855 (Satyendranath Tagore became the first Indian ICS in 1863). This Act separated the legislative and administrative functions of the Governor-General for the first time and created a 12-member 'Central Legislative Council' (mini-Parliament) by adding 6 new Legislative Councillors. This charter did not mention any fixed period (such as 20 years), which clearly indicated that the British Crown could end the company's rule at any time. Hence option A is the correct answer.

As a direct result of the Rebellion of 1857, the British Parliament passed the 'Government of India Act, 1858' (Act for the Better Government of India) on 2 August 1858. It completely ended the diarchy of the Court of Directors and the Board of Control that had been in place since 1784. A member of the British Cabinet was made 'Secretary of State for India' (Lord Stanley became the first Secretary of State for India) and a 15-member Advisory Council was formed to assist him, the expenses of which were paid from Indian revenue. On 1 November 1858, at Minto Park, Allahabad, Lord Canning read out Queen Victoria's historic proclamation which was called the 'Magna Carta' of the rights of Indians; In this, a promise was made to abandon the policy of merger of native states and non-interference in religious matters. Lord Canning became the last Governor-General and first Viceroy of India. Hence all four statements are true.

The Indian Council Act of 1861 gave legal status to the portfolio (departmental) system introduced by Lord Canning in 1859, carried out legislative decentralization by returning the power to make laws to Bombay and Madras and gave the Viceroy the power to issue ordinances for a period of 6 months. The Act of 1892 gave the members of Legislative Councils the right to discuss the budget and ask questions without asking supplementary questions at 6 days' prior notice and introduced indirect election for private members. The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 gave separate electorates to Muslims and allowed them to ask supplementary questions and put forward motions on the budget. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 imposed dyarchy by dividing the provinces into reserved and transferred subjects and created a State Council and a Central Assembly at the centre. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

British economic policies and colonial neglect led to repeated devastating famines in India. The first commission was formed under the chairmanship of Sir George Campbell to investigate the Orissa famine of 1866 (in which more than 1 million people died and which was called the 'Sea Famine'). Following the severe Deccan famine of 1876–78, Lord Lytton appointed the Sir Richard Strachey Commission in 1880, which for the first time acknowledged the legal responsibility of the state to provide assistance to famine victims and on its recommendations a provisional 'Famine Code' was prepared in 1883. Sir James Lyell Commission during the reign of Lord Elgin II on the famine of 1896-97 and Lord Curzon, after the 'Chhappaniya Famine' of 1899-1900, constituted the Sir Antony MacDonnell Commission in 1900 which recommended early famine relief, appointment of Famine Commissioner and establishment of co-operative credit societies. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

There was gradual development of education during the British period. Lord Macaulay, in his famous minute of 2 February 1835, said that "one shelf of a cupboard in a good European library is equal to the entire native literature of India and Arabia" and gave the principle of percolation of education to the masses by educating the upper class (Filtration Theory). In 1854, Charles Wood's Despatch made a comprehensive plan from primary to university level, established three universities on the lines of the University of London in 1857, and introduced a system of grants-in-aid for women's education. In 1882, Lord Ripon formed the Sir William Hunter Commission which laid emphasis on primary and secondary education. In 1917, Lord Chelmsford appointed a commission to investigate the problems of Calcutta University under the chairmanship of Dr. Michael Sadler (Chancellor of the University of Leeds), in which Ashutosh Mukherjee and Dr. Ziauddin Ahmed were Indian members; It recommended special boards and honors courses for women's education. Hence all the statements are true.

Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) introduced the contract system in the civil services to establish administrative purity and rule of law in India and drastically increased the salaries of corrupt officials by curbing their private dealings. In 1791, he laid a network of police stations under SP (District Superintendent of Police) and started the Inspector system. In 1886, a 15-member commission constituted under the chairmanship of Sir Charles Aitchison suggested increasing the minimum age from 19 to 23 years and classifying the services into Central/Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate. The Lee Commission (Royal Commission on Superior Civil Services) of 1923 recommended 50:50 Indianization of the ICS in 15 years and the creation of a statutory Public Service Commission under Section 96C of the 1919 Act, on the basis of which the Public Service Commission was formed on 1 October 1926 under the chairmanship of Sir Ross Barker. Hence all four statements are true.

The 'Cornwallis Code' prepared by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 was based on the famous philosopher Montesquieu's 'Principle of Separation of Powers'. The most revolutionary feature of this Code was that it completely took away judicial and magisterial powers from the District Collector and limited him only to revenue collection. A separate post of 'District Judge' was created for judicial functions. Four provincial circuit courts (Circuit Courts - Calcutta, Dhaka, Murshidabad, Patna) were created for appeal in civil and criminal cases and the highest appellate courts were 'Sadar Diwani Adalat' and 'Sadar Nizamat Adalat'. This system established the 'Rule of Law' by bringing government officials also under the law. Hence option A is the correct answer.

The failure of Congress's liberal policies in the late 1890s, the famine and plague of 1896–97, and international events (Italy's defeat by Ethiopia in 1896, Russia's defeat by Japan in 1905) gave rise to militant nationalism. Aurobindo Ghosh, aged just 21, wrote in Indu Prakash in 1893 that "Our National Congress is moving forward like a blind man and is a victim of middle-class hypocrisy." Tilak spread public awareness in Maharashtra through Akhara, Lathi Club, Ganpati and Shivaji festivals and wrote in 'Kesari' that "Swaraj is my birthright." Aurobindo Ghosh presented the scientific principle of 'Passive Resistance' of complete boycott of foreign goods, government courts, schools and posts. The triumvirate of Lal-Bal-Pal took the Indian independence movement from the drawing rooms of the elite class to the masses. Hence all four statements are true.

The Partition of Bengal was a turning point in modern Indian history. Under the pretext of administrative convenience, Viceroy Lord Curzon had actually conspired to divide the strong nationalism of Bengal on religious lines (West Bengal: Hindu majority, East Bengal and Assam: Muslim majority). Partition was announced on 20 July 1905, in protest against which a historic resolution of boycott of indigenous and foreign goods was passed in the Town Hall of Calcutta on 7 August 1905 on the suggestion given in Krishna Kumar Mitra's magazine 'Sanjeevani'. When partition officially came into effect on 16 October 1905, people observed fasts, bathed in the Ganges barefoot, took out morning processions singing 'Vande Mataram' and demonstrated unwavering national unity by tying Raksha-sutras (rakhis) on each other's wrists in response to Rabindranath Tagore's call. Hence all the statements are true.

The Swadeshi movement crossed the boundaries of Bengal and spread throughout India. In Maharashtra, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak spread the message of Swadeshi and boycott to the people through Ganpati and Shivaji festivals. In Punjab, Lala Lajpat Rai and Sardar Ajit Singh (Bhagat Singh's uncle) organized farmers and youth under the banner of 'Anjuman-e-Mohibban-e-Watan'. In Delhi, Syed Haider Raza took charge of the boycott of foreign textiles and the use of indigenous goods. V.O. in Madras Presidency Chidambaram Pillai established the 'Indigenous Steam Navigation Company' in Tuticorin to directly challenge the British shipping monopoly and the great Tamil poet Subramaniam Bharati awakened public consciousness with patriotic songs. In Andhra this movement was called 'Vande Mataram Movement' which was led by Gadicherla Harisarvottam Rao. Hence the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4.

The Swadeshi movement gave unprecedented impetus to self-reliance (self-reliance) and national education. After the boycott of government educational institutions, 'National Education Council' and 'Bengal National College' were established on 15 August 1906 on the basis of Satish Chandra Mukherjee's 'Dawn Society' (1902), whose first principal was Arvind Ghosh. At this time, 'Bengal Technical Institute' was established for technical education. Rabindranath Tagore composed 'Amar Sonar Bangla' and gave the philosophy of Swadeshi society. Abanindranath Tagore formed the 'Indian Society of Oriental Art' (1907) and painted the famous 'Bharat Mata' (four-armed ascetic) inspired by Ajanta-Mughal frescoes in place of the Victorian style. Prafulla Chandra Ray laid the foundation of indigenous industry by establishing 'Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Works'. Hence all the statements are true.

The tension between moderates and extremists was at its peak regarding the all-India expansion of the Swadeshi movement and the definition of 'Swaraj'. In the Calcutta session of 1906, under the universally accepted chairmanship of Dadabhai Naoroji, four historic resolutions – Swaraj, Swadeshi, boycott and national education were passed. The session of 1907 was initially to be held in Nagpur but to avoid the influence of Tilak, the moderates shifted it to Surat. The extremists wanted the four resolutions of 1906 to be repeated and Lala Lajpat Rai or Tilak to become the president, but the moderates chose Rash Bihari Ghosh as the president. On 26 December 1907, the Congress got divided amid huge uproar on the banks of Tapti river. After this, the British government, while running a cycle of repression, sent Tilak to Mandalay Jail (Burma) for 6 years imprisonment in 1908 and Vipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh separated from politics. Hence all four statements are true.

On 1 October 1906, a 35-member Muslim delegation led by the Aga Khan met Viceroy Lord Minto in Shimla (Shimla Deputation) and demanded separate political representation for Muslims. After this, 'All India Muslim League' was formed on the proposal of Nawab Salimullah Khan in the annual conference of 'Muhammadan Educational Conference' held in Shahbag, Dhaka on 30 December 1906. Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Mushtaq Hussain presided over this founding conference and became the first President of the League. In 1908, in the Amritsar session, Aga Khan was elected the permanent president of the Muslim League and its headquarters was established in Lucknow. The main objectives of the Muslim League were to increase loyalty among Muslims towards the British government, to protect political rights and to stop the influence of Congress. Hence option A is the correct answer.

The Act of 1909 is called 'Marley-Minto Reforms' after the Indian Secretary John Marley and Viceroy Lord Minto. Its most divisive aspect was the introduction of separate constituencies for Muslims, whereby only Muslim voters could elect Muslim representatives; Therefore Lord Minto is called the 'Father of Communal Electorate'. Lord Minto himself wrote: "We are sowing the cobra's teeth and the results will be dire." This Act gave the right to debate the budget and ask supplementary questions in the Legislative Councils. Under this Act, Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian law member in the Viceroy's Executive Council, while K.G. Gupta and Syed Hussain Bilgrami were appointed to the Council of the Secretary of India based in London. Hence all four statements are true.

The arrival of the British Emperor George V and Queen Mary to India in December 1911 marked the grand third Delhi Durbar (the first being organized by Lytton in 1877, the second by Curzon in 1903). To calm nationalist discontent, the Emperor made two announcements: (1) The Partition of Bengal of 1905 was canceled and Assam and Bihar-Orissa were separated from Bengal and new provinces were created. (2) It was decided to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi (New Delhi was built by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker and inaugurated in 1931). On 23 December 1912, when Lord Hardinge was formally entering Delhi, a bomb was thrown at him at Chandni Chowk (Delhi Conspiracy Case), the main architects of which were Rash Bihari Bose, Master Amirchand, Awadh Bihari, Balmukund and Basant Kumar Biswas. Hence all the statements are true.

Revolutionary nationalism emerged in Bengal after the suppression of the Swadeshi movement. In 1902, with the help of P. Mitra and Aurobindo Ghosh, Anushilan Committee was established which organized revolutionary youth under the guise of physical and moral training. Barindra Ghosh wrote motivational books like 'Bhavani Mandir' and 'Mukti Kaun Pathe'. In 1906, the magazine 'Yugantar' was started whose motto was: "The 30 crore people of India should resist oppression by raising their 60 crore hands." Dhaka Anushilan Samiti chief Pulin Das committed political robbery in Barra to buy weapons. Hemchandra Kanungo went to Paris and learned the technique of bomb making from Russian exile Nicholas Safransky and established a bomb factory in Maniktalla (Calcutta). Hence all four statements are true.

Kingsford, the harsh magistrate of Muzaffarpur, had given barbaric punishments to the revolutionaries of Bengal. The Yugantar group assigned the responsibility of his murder to two young men – Khudiram Bose (18 years) and Prafulla Chaki. On April 30, 1908, he threw a bomb in Muzaffarpur mistaking it for Kingsford's carriage, but unfortunately the wife and daughter of Barrister Pringle Kennedy were killed. When Prafulla Chaki was surrounded by the police, he committed suicide by shooting himself at Mokama Ghat station. Khudiram Bose was arrested and hanged on 11 August 1908 (making him one of the youngest revolutionaries to be martyred). After this, 34 revolutionaries including Arvind Ghosh and Barindra Ghosh were caught in the 'Maniktalla Bomb Case/Alipore Conspiracy Case'. Chittaranjan Das (C.R. Das) gave a very effective defense of Aurobindo Ghosh and got him acquitted, after which Aurobindo Ghosh left politics and got absorbed in spiritual practice in Puducherry. Hence option A is the correct answer.

Maharashtra was an early bastion of revolutionary nationalism. Enraged by the atrocities of the British Army during the plague in Poona in 1897, the Chapekar brothers murdered Rand, for which Tilak was jailed for 18 months for writing an article in support of it. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar formed 'Mitra Mela' in Nashik in 1899 which became 'Abhinav Bharat' in 1904 with 200 members. Savarkar went to London in 1906 to study law where he sent Browning pistols to India from 'India House'. On December 21, 1909, Jackson was assassinated by Anant Kanhere in a theater in Nashik. While Savarkar was arrested in London and brought to India, he attempted a historic escape by jumping from a ship into the sea at the port of Marseille (France). He was sentenced to double life imprisonment (50 years) and sent to Andaman Cellular Jail (Kala Pani). Hence all four statements are true.

In the beginning of the 20th century, a strong revolutionary network for Indian independence was established abroad. In London, Shyamji Krishna Varma started the magazines 'India House' and 'The Indian Sociologist'; On 1 July 1909, Madan Lal Dhingra assassinated Curzon Wyllie. Madam Bhikaji Rustam Cama published 'Vande Mataram' and 'Talwar' magazines from Paris and Geneva and hoisted the Indian flag for the first time at the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart (Germany) on 22 August 1907. During the First World War, the 'Berlin Committee' in Germany, in collaboration with the German Foreign Ministry, made the 'Zimmerman Plan' (secret supply of weapons) to overthrow the British rule. On 1 December 1915, King Mahendra Pratap and Maulvi Barkatullah declared the first independent interim government of India in Kabul with the support of Germany and Türkiye. Hence all four statements are true.

The Ghadar Party was a secular revolutionary organization of non-resident Indian Sikhs, Punjabi Muslims and Hindus settled in North America (USA and Canada). Its first president was Sohan Singh Bhakna and general secretary was Lala Hardayal. On the front page of the newspaper 'Ghadar' it was written: "Enemy of the British Raj" and the advertisement was: "Salary-death, reward-martyrdom, pension-freedom, field-India." In 1914, when 376 passengers of the Japanese ship 'Komagata Maru' were stopped from landing in Canada and sent back to Calcutta (Bajbuj Ghat) where 22 people were killed in police firing, the Ghadar Party returned to India and called for armed revolution. Rash Bihari Bose fixed 21 February 1915 as the date of rebellion in the cantonments of entire North India, but the plan was caught due to the informer of the traitor Kirpal Singh and dozens of brave men including Kartar Singh Sarabha were hanged in the 'Lahore Conspiracy Case'. Hence all four statements are true.

During the First World War, this movement was run on the lines of the Irish Home Rule League to achieve home rule within the British Empire in India. To avoid conflict, Tilak and Besant kept their respective areas of work separate. Tilak had 6 branches and he preached through 'Maratha' (English) and 'Kesari' (Marathi). Besant had about 200 branches and campaigned through the newspapers 'New India' and 'Commonweal'. B.P. Wadia, C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Motilal Nehru joined Besant's league. When Besant, Arundale and Wadia were placed under house arrest in June 1917, Sir S. Subramaniam Iyer renounced his 'knighthood' title. The movement slowed down after the 'Montagu Declaration' (August Declaration) of 20 August 1917 promised the gradual development of self-rule. Hence all the statements are true.

The Lucknow session of 1916 is famous for two historical events: (1) the reunification of both factions of the Congress (moderate and extremist); This unity became possible due to the efforts of Besant and Tilak after the death of prominent liberal leaders Firoz Shah Mehta and Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1915. (2) 'Lucknow Pact' under which Congress and Muslim League presented joint constitutional demands (Dominion status, 4/5 elected members in legislative councils). Despite strong opposition from Madan Mohan Malviya, the Congress accepted the communal electorate of 1909 and fixed a fixed number of seats for Muslims in the provincial assemblies (50% in Punjab, 40% in Bengal, 30% in UP). It established Hindu-Muslim unity in the short term but in the long run strengthened the foundation of division by giving legal acceptance to Muslim communalism. Hence all the statements are true.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915) founded the 'Servants of India Society' (Bharat Sevak Samaj) on 12 June 1905 in Pune. Its main objective was to prepare national campaigners for the service of the country, to promote the interests of the Indian people through constitutional means and to serve the society selflessly. Its members had to follow a strict code of conduct and live on a minimum wage. Its prominent members included Srinivas Shastri, Hridaynath Kunzru, G.K. Deodhar and Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar (Thakkar Bapa – who worked for the upliftment of tribals). Mahatma Gandhi considered Gokhale as his 'political guru' and he also wanted to join this society, but due to differences of opinion among the members, he did not become its member. Hence option B is the correct answer.

After returning to India from South Africa on 9 January 1915, Gandhiji entered Indian politics with his three regional Satyagraha: (1) Gandhiji's Satyagraha in Champaran (1917) led to the government returning 25% of the compensation to the farmers and ending the Tinkathiya system (Rabindranath Tagore gave him the title of 'Mahatma'). (2) In the Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918), Gandhiji went on hunger strike for the first time in favor of the workers, giving the trusteeship principle and the tribunal accepted 35% bonus increase. (3) Under the Revenue Code in Kheda (1918), there was a rule of waiver of rent if the crop was less than 1/4, Gandhiji and Sardar Patel organized the farmers not to pay tax, after which the government gave secret instructions that rent should be taken only from capable farmers. Hence all four statements are true.

After the expiry of the 'Defense of India Act 1915' implemented during the First World War, the 'Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919' was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in March 1919 on the recommendations of the 'Sedition Committee' (1917) headed by Sir Sidney Rowlatt to suppress revolutionary activities. Indians called it the 'Black Law' because under it the government could arrest any suspicious person without a warrant, try him in a special court behind closed doors without a jury and detain him for up to 2 years without appeal. This was called the law of "no lawyer, no appeal, no plea". In protest against this, Madan Mohan Malviya, Mazhar-ul-Haq and Mohammad Ali Jinnah had resigned from the Central Assembly. Hence option A is the correct answer.

Rowlatt Satyagraha was the first nationwide mass movement started by Gandhiji against the Rowlatt Act. To suppress the popular uprising in Punjab, the British government arrested popular leaders Dr. Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal on 9 April. On 13 April 1919 (Baisakhi day), 20,000 people gathered in protest at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, where General Dyer closed the only narrow exit and fired 1,650 rounds. The government Hunter Committee reported 379 deaths while the Congress's investigating committee (Malaviya, Gandhi, Motilal) estimated deaths at more than 1000. Tagore returned his 'Knighthood', Gandhiji returned the 'Kaiser-i-Hind' and 'Zulu-Boer Medals' and Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from the Viceroy's Executive Council. Hence all four statements are true.

In protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 13 April 1919, Nobel laureate Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore wrote a very emotional and sharp historical letter to Viceroy Lord Chelmsford on 31 May 1919 and resigned the title of 'Knighthood' (Sir) given by the British Government in 1915. He wrote in the letter: "The barbarity and inhumanity with which our unarmed countrymen have been subjected has no parallel in contemporary civilized history. The time has now come when medals of honor fully expose our context of dishonor, and I, for my part, wish to dispense with all distinction and stand with my countrymen." C. Shankaran Nair had also resigned from the Viceroy's Council. Hence option B is the correct answer.

The issue of Caliphate was related to the protection of the rights of the Ottoman Sultan of Türkiye (Caliph of the Islamic World) during the First World War. Gandhiji linked the Khilafat to the non-cooperation program of the Congress and gave it the form of a joint Hindu-Muslim mass movement. The movement started on 1 August 1920 and on the death of Tilak, the public deposited more than ₹1 crore in the 'Tilak Swaraj Fund'. C.R. in Nagpur session (1920). Das proposed non-cooperation and the goal of the Congress was set as "the attainment of Swaraj by peaceful and lawful means" and provincial Congress committees on linguistic basis and ₹4 annas membership fee were organized. Hence all four statements are true.

When the non-cooperation movement was at its peak, on 4 February 1922, a violent mob set fire to the police station after police firing on the protesters led by Bhagwan Ahir in Chauri-Chaura, Gorakhpur. Considering it to be a 'Himalayan Blunder', Gandhiji withdrew the movement on 12 February 1922 through the Bardoli resolution. Subhash Chandra Bose wrote in his book 'The Indian Struggle': "Just at the time when public enthusiasm was at its peak, the order to retreat was nothing less than a national calamity." On March 10, 1922, Gandhiji was arrested and sent to Sabarmati Jail, where Justice Broomfield sentenced him to six years, but due to intestinal operation, he was released prematurely on February 5, 1924. Hence all four statements are true.

After the withdrawal of the non-cooperation movement, two factions were formed in the Congress to fill the political void. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru advocated 'Council Entry' so as to expose the weaknesses of the 1919 Act (they were called 'Pro-Changers'). On the other hand, 'No-Changers' like Sardar Patel and Rajendra Prasad opposed electoral politics and emphasized on constructive works like Charkha-Khadi and Hindu-Muslim unity. In the Central Assembly elections of 1923, the Swarajists won 42 out of 101 seats and an absolute majority in the Central Province. He constituted the 'Muddyman Committee' to review the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms and succeeded in defeating the Public Safety Bill. Hence all four statements are true.

The election of the President of the Central Assembly in 1925 was the biggest historical parliamentary achievement of the Swaraj Party. Swaraj Party leader Vithalbhai Patel (elder brother of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel) took over as the first elected Indian President of the Central Assembly by defeating the government candidate T. Rangacharya by 2 votes. He governed the House with utmost impartiality and determination from 1925 to 1930 and thwarted the autocratic legislative efforts of the British government (such as the Trade Disputes Bill and the Public Safety Bill) with his landmark rulings several times. In June 1925, C.R. After the death of Das, the Swaraj Party started weakening and after 1926, Lala Lajpat Rai and Malviya separated and formed the 'Responsive' group. Hence option A is the correct answer.