Among the major peaks of the Aravalli range, Raghunathgarh (Sikar) is the highest peak of the Northern Aravalis with a height of 1055 metres. The height of Rishikesh (Sirohi) is 1017 meters and it is located near the Abu mountain range. Kamalnath (Udaipur) is the 1001 meter high major peak of Southern Aravalli, from where the origin area of ​​Mansi-Wakal rivers is connected. Dora Parvat (Jalore) is the highest peak of the Jaswantpura hills with a height of 869 metres. This sequence reflects the relief of the different ranges of the Aravali, with Raghunathgarh being the only peak over 1000 meters high in the northern region.

Bilali (775 m) in Alwar district and Barwada (786 m) in Jaipur Rural district are the major peaks of Northern Aravali. The Central Aravalli extend mainly in Ajmer and Beawar districts, where Taragarh (873 m) and Nag Pahar (795 m) are the major peaks. Statement C is incorrect because Saira (900 m) and Leelagarh (874 m) are not peaks of the Central Aravalli, but of the Southern Aravalli (Udaipur/Mewar hill region). The highest peak of the Central Aravalli is Gauramji/Moramji (934 m). Harsha Parvat (Jeenamata area) and Malkhet hills are located in Sikar district.

Sajjangarh peak (938 m) is located to the west of Udaipur city, on which the famous Monsoon Palace and Biological Park is situated. Dhonia Dungar (1183 m) is a high mountain peak located in Sirohi district which is part of the Abu mountain range. Nag Pani (867 m) is a major peak of the Southern Aravali located in Udaipur district. Jaigarh (648 m) is a peak of the Northern Aravali in Jaipur district, where the historic Jaigarh Fort is located. This division clarifies the precise geographical identity of the regional mountain ranges of Aravali.

In western Rajasthan, from Siwana (Balotra/Barmer) to Jalore, the 56 hills extend in the form of rounded dome-shaped hills, which are also known as Nakoda Mountains. These hills are composed of Malani Igneous Suite and Jalore granite/rhyolite rocks of Pre-Cambrian period. These rocks are extremely hard and weathering-resistant, due to which special topographies like 'Inselberg' are found here. For this reason Jalore is also called 'Granite City'. Basalt rocks are found in Hadoti plateau and Vindhyan sandstone is found in eastern Rajasthan.

The passes of Central and Southern Aravali are famous as historical traffic and strategic routes of Rajasthan. Bar Pass facilitates transportation between Beawar and Pali on the National Highway, while Shivpur Ghat and Parveriya Pass are located in Beawar region. Desuri Naal and Someshwar Naal connect the Desuri area of ​​Pali district with Mewar (Rajsamand/Kumbhalgarh). Hathi Pass and Debari Pass are the major passes of Udaipur district, where Debari has been the historical gateway to Mewar. Statement D is false because Kamli Ghat Pass is a mountain pass located on the border of Rajsamand and Pali, not in the desert Jaisalmer-Barmer.

The Mesa plateau is 620 meters high and the historical fort of Chittorgarh is built on this plateau near the confluence of Bedach and Gambhiri rivers. The Lasadiya Plateau is a highly eroded and dissected plateau located east of Jaisamand Lake, which after administrative reorganization now comes under Salumber district. The Uppermal Plateau is a rocky and fertile plateau extending between Bijolia (Bhilwara) to Bhainsrodgarh (Chittorgarh). Bijasan plateau is situated in Mandalgarh region of Bhilwara district. This plateau relief displays the landform of the meeting point of Vindhya and Aravali.

Specific local names of Uchchavach are prevalent in different areas of Rajasthan. The steeply sloping rocky ridge hills in the western part of Sirohi are called 'Bhakar' in the local dialect. The spread of saucer-like crescent-shaped hills around Udaipur city is called 'Girwa'. Due to its location on the bank of river Mahi, Pratapgarh and its surrounding area has been named 'Kanthal'. Due to the presence of excessive fluoride in the groundwater between Nagaur and Ajmer, people's bones become bent, hence this area is called 'Banka Patti' or 'Kubd Patti'. Hence all four statements are true.

The Som river originates from the Bichhameda hills in Khairwada tehsil of Udaipur district, which later joins the Mahi at Beneshwar Dham. Ruparel River (Varaha or Laswari River) originates in the Udaynath Hills near Thanagaji in Alwar district and ends at Sikri Dam in Bharatpur. The Sabi River originates from the Sewar hills of Jaipur Rural and flows in the north direction and merges in Gurugram (Pataudi) in Haryana. Gambhir (Utangan) river originates from Javad hills of Madhya Pradesh and flows through Karauli and Bharatpur and joins Yamuna.

Kalisindh is a major right tributary of the Chambal which originates in the Vindhyachal Mountains (Dewas) in Madhya Pradesh and flows through Jhalawar, Kota and joins the Chambal near Nanera (Kota). The Ahu River is its main tributary, which joins it at Gagron, and at this confluence (Samelji) is located the Gagron Water Fort, included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Parwan River (on whose banks Shergarh Fort is situated), Niwaj and Ujad rivers are also integral parts of Kalisindh river system. These rivers together form the eastern drainage basin of the Hadoti Plateau. Hence all the statements are true.

Sabarmati river originates from the hills of Padrada village near Kotra tehsil of Udaipur district, but after flowing only 45 km in Rajasthan, it enters Gujarat. Wakal river originates from Gora village of Udaipur and joins Sabarmati. The Hathmati and Meshwa rivers are the major tributaries of the Sabarmati that supply it with water in the Gujarat plain. By building a water tunnel on Sei River, its surplus water is transferred to 'Jawai Dam' (Pali), the largest dam of western Rajasthan. This is the first inter-basin water tunnel project of Rajasthan.

Luni River is the main river system of western Rajasthan which originates from Nag Pahad in Ajmer. The correct order of its tributaries from origin to mouth is Guhia, Bandi, Sukdi, Jawai and Sagi. The only exception is the Jojri river which does not originate from the Aravalli but originates from Nagaur and joins the right bank. Statement D is false because due to the effluents from the dyeing and printing industries of Pali city, Bandi River has become the most chemically polluted river of Luni Basin, which is also called 'Chemical River' locally. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

Mej River originates from Mandalgarh (Bhilwara) and flows in Bundi district, where Kural River joins it. Ghoda Pachhad river originates from Bijolia and joins Mangli river at Bundi. Chulia Falls is the highest natural waterfall (18 m) of Rajasthan, located near the confluence of Chambal and Bamni rivers near Bhainsrodgarh in Chittorgarh district. Bhimalat Falls is a very picturesque natural waterfall located on the Mangli River in Bundi district. All these rivers and waterfalls are an important part of the drainage system of the Vindhya basin.

About 60% of the drainage area of ​​Rajasthan comes under Inland Drainage. Kantli river originates from the Khandela hills of Sikar and ends at the border of Churu, dividing Jhunjhunu into two parts; Its flow area is called 'Torawati'. Kakani river flows only 17 km and forms Bujh Lake. Ghaggar River (ancient Saraswati/Mrit River) comes from Shivalik and enters Rajasthan and its bed is called 'Naali'. Statement D is false because Sabi River originates from Sewar in Jaipur and merges into the sand at Pataudi in Haryana, it does not fall into Chambal. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

Four major Triveni Sangams in Rajasthan are famous from religious and geographical point of view. Banas, Bedach and Menal rivers meet in Bigod of Bhilwara. Chambal, Banas and Seep rivers meet at Rameshwar Ghat in Khandar tehsil of Sawai Madhopur. Som, Mahi and Jakham rivers meet at Beneshwar Dham in Navatapura, Dungarpur, which is called the 'Kumbh of the tribals'. Banas, Khari and Dai rivers together form the holy Triveni at Rajmahal in Tonk district.

According to the official data of the State Water Resources Department, the total catchment area of rivers in Rajasthan in correct descending order is: Banas Basin (about 45,833 sq km, 27.5%), Luni Basin (about 34,250 sq km, 20.5%), Chambal Basin (about 29,110 sq km, 17.5%), and Mahi Basin (about 16,600 sq km, 9.9%). Chambal River has the highest surface availability of water, but in terms of catchment basin area within the state, Banas River comes first and Luni River comes second.

Adwana Dam is an important medium irrigation reservoir built on the Mansi River in Bhilwara district. Chhapi Irrigation Project is built on Chhapi river in Jhalawar district. Bilas Irrigation Project is located on Bilas River in Kishanganj area of ​​Baran district. Bankali Dam has been constructed by impounding the water of Sukdi River in Jalore district. All these small and medium irrigation projects play an important role in local agriculture and groundwater recharge in non-canalized districts of the state.

Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is the largest dam in Rajasthan with 172 MW hydro-power generation and huge storage capacity. Jawahar Sagar Dam is a pick-up dam where three turbines of 33 MW each are installed. Navnera Barrage is the main component of the Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) which is built on the Kalisindh River in Digod tehsil of Kota. Statement D is false because Gandhi Sagar Dam was constructed in the first phase (1960) and is located in Mandsaur district of Madhya Pradesh, not in Rajasthan. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

Buj Lake is a naturally formed freshwater lake in the course of Kakani (Masoordi) river in Jaisalmer district. Navlakha Lake is a beautiful historical lake located in Bundi city. Kanak Sagar Lake is located in Dugari village of Bundi district, which is also known as Bird Sanctuary. Balsamand Lake is an artificial freshwater lake in Jodhpur built by the Parihar ruler Balak Rao in 1159 AD, on the banks of which a grand palace is situated.

Jaisamand Lake (Dhebar Lake) is the largest artificial freshwater lake in Rajasthan and the second largest artificial freshwater lake in India, now located in Salumber district after administrative reorganisation. The waters of Gomti, Jhawar and Bagar rivers fall in it. People of Bhil and Meena tribes live on 7 islands of the lake; The largest island is called Baba Ka Bhangra and the smallest is called Pyari. The Shyampura and Bhat canals from here provide irrigation to the surrounding areas. Statement D is completely false because it is a fresh water lake, not a salt one. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

Anasagar Lake was created by Arnoraj (Anaji) in Ajmer by impounding the waters of Chandra River; On its banks, Jahangir built Daulat Bagh (Subhash Udyan) and Shah Jahan built five marble Baradaris. Foy Sagar is the second major lake of Ajmer which was built for relief work during the severe famine of 1891-92. Kolayat (Bikaner) is the abode of Maharishi Kapil, the pioneer of Sankhya philosophy, where a fair is held in the holy lake on Kartik Purnima and people of Charan caste do not bathe in it. Lunkaransar is the main saline (salt water) lake of Bikaner.

Rajasthan's traditional water conservation structures act as a lifeline in the desert ecology. Being deeper than Toba Nadi, it keeps water safe for animals and humans for a long time. The water of Jhalra was generally not potable but was used for religious bathing and domestic use, which was filled by the seepage of the upper reservoirs. Tanka is a major underground reservoir of the Thar Desert which stores paral water (pure rain water) throughout the year. Khadin is a Rabi moist farming method practiced by blocking rain water by building earthen mounds on the slopes, which was invented by the Paliwal Brahmins. Hence all the statements are true.

The official notification of 'State Wetland Authority' under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules 2017 was issued in November 2019 by the Environment and Forest Department of the Government of Rajasthan. There are currently a total of 2 Ramsar Wetland Sites of international importance in Rajasthan: (1) Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur (the first site declared in 1981), and (2) Sambhar Salt Lake, Jaipur/Nagaur (the second site declared in 1990). Menar Bird Village (Udaipur) and Khekan (Phalodi) have been proposed as new Ramsar sites by the state government.

Hematite and magnetite types of iron ore are found in Rajasthan. Morija-Banol (Jaipur Rural) is the largest and high grade iron ore producing area of ​​the state. Neemla-Raisela area is located in Dausa district. Dabla-Singhana area is located near Khetri Copper Belt in Jhunjhunu district. Nathra Ki Pal and Thur-Hunder are major iron deposits located in Udaipur district of southern Rajasthan. Apart from this, small quantity of iron ore is also found in Pur-Banera belt of Bhilwara.

Rajasthan is the leading state in the country in copper production and storage. The Khetri-Singhana belt (80 km long) of Jhunjhunu district is the oldest copper mine where mining has been going on since the Maurya and Harappan periods. HCL's Khetri Copper Complex was established here in 1967 with American cooperation. Kho-Dariba and Bhagoni mines of Alwar are the major sources of copper in the Aravalli range. Baleshwar belt of Sikar and Neem police station is also known for new deposits of copper. Copper is also found in Padar Pal of Dungarpur. Hence all the statements are true.

Lead and zinc are the richest minerals of Rajasthan. Rampura-Agucha in Bhilwara district is one of the richest open-cast zinc mines in the world where high grade galena and sphalerite are found. Rajpura-Dariba and Sindesar Khurd of Rajsamand are the major centers of underground mining. Chauth Ka Barwada of Sawai Madhopur is a historical lead-zinc mining area. Gudha Kishoridas of Alwar district is a major lead-zinc deposit site of Northern Aravali. Hindustan Zinc Limited obtains ore from all these areas and refines it in Chanderiya and Debari smelters.

Manganese ore (pyrolusite and psilomylene) is mainly found in Banswara district of Rajasthan. Lilwani, Kalakhunta, Kansala and Timmamori mines of Banswara are famous for high grade manganese reserves. Its main industrial use is in making iron from rustproof steel and in chemical industries. Statement D is false because Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Odisha are the leading states in manganese production in India; Rajasthan does not have a monopoly in manganese (monopoly is in wollastonite, selenite and copper). Hence only A, B and C are correct.

Tungsten (wolframite ore) is a strategic metal with a very high melting point (3422°C), which is used in electric bulb filament and defense equipment. Rewat Hill of Degana, Nagaur has been the most famous tungsten mine of India. Apart from this, Balda of Sirohi and Nana Karab area of ​​Pali are the major deposit places of tungsten. Beryl is a rare mineral used as a moderator in nuclear energy, which is found in Champaguda, Shikarbari and Bari Sisarma of Udaipur and Gujarwada of Jaipur.

Emerald is called 'Green Fire'. In Rajasthan, the 221 km long 'Green Fire Belt' extends from Kalaguman in Rajsamand to Bubani in Ajmer, where Tikki, Garhbor and Gudha are the major emerald mining sites. Garnet/Raktmani is a red-brown semi-precious stone in whose production Rajasthan has 100 percent monopoly in India. Rajmahal, Janakpura, Kushalpura and Kalyanpur in Banas river valley of Tonk district and Sarwar area of ​​Kekri/Ajmer are world famous producing places of Tamara.

Saladipura (Sikar) has huge reserves of pyrites, from which chemical fertilizers and sulfuric acid are made. Wollestonite is a fibrous lustrous mineral used in the ceramic tiles and paint industries; Rajasthan has 100% monopoly in its production and Belka mountain of Sirohi is its main centre. Mando Ki Pal of Dungarpur is a major deposit of fluorite which is used in melting metals and making hydrofluoric acid. Statement D is false because these minerals have wide use in heavy chemical, ceramic and metallurgical industries. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

Bentonite is a clay that swells by absorbing water and is used as drilling mud for oil wells and in foundries; Giral, Shiv and Hathi ki Dhani of Barmer are its main areas. Multani Mitti (fuller's earth) is found in Kapurdi of Barmer, Mokasar and Palana of Bikaner. Ghiya stone (soapstone) is used in making talcum powder and insecticides; Dagota-Jharna of Dausa and Devpura-Ghevariya of Udaipur are its biggest reserves. Kaolin is famous for ceramics and utensils which is found in abundance in Neem ka Thana (Sikar).

A total of 4 petroleum basins in Rajasthan are spread over 1.5 lakh sq km in 14 districts. The major oil fields in the Barmer-Sanchor Basin are Mangla (oil producing since August 2009), Bhagyam, Aishwarya, Vijaya, Vandana and Shakti. Jaisalmer basin is mainly known for natural gas where Manihari Tibba, Tanot, Dandewala and Ghotaru are located. Helium gas deposits have also been found in Ghotaru. Statement D is false because crude oil is transported from Barmer through Salaya-Mathura and Jamnagar pipelines. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

Lignite (brown coal) of tertiary period is found in Rajasthan. Palana in Bikaner district has been a world famous lignite mining area; Apart from this, Barsingsar, Gudha, Raneri and Hadla are the major coal fields of Bikaner. Kapurdi, Jalipa and Giral fields in Barmer supply coal to lignite based thermal power plants. Merta Road, Kasnau and Igyar are major deposits of lignite in Nagaur district. The state's first plant based on lignite gasification technology was established at Giral.

Rathi cow is a hybrid breed of Red Sindhi and Sahiwal which is called 'Kamadhenu of Rajasthan' due to its high milk yield (Bikaner, Ganganagar). Tharparkar is a breed native to the Sindh province of Pakistan which is found purely in the Malani area of ​​Barmer. Gir cow is related to Gir forests of Gujarat which is called Ajmera or Renda in Rajasthan. Kankrej is a dual purpose (milk and draft) heavy breed which is famous for Sawai Chaal and is found in Sanchore-Jalore region. Apart from this, Malvi breed in Hadoti and Nagauri bull are world famous draft carrying breeds.

Chokla sheep is found in Shekhawati (Sikar, Churu, Jhunjhunu) whose wool is of excellent quality and is called 'Indian Merino'. Magra (Chakri) is found in Bikaner, Nagaur, whose wool is thick and strong and is considered best for the carpet industry. The drain is found in the canal area of ​​Ghaggar. Statement D is false because Sonadi (called 'Chnothar' because of the ears touching the ground while grazing) is not found in Kota-Jhalawar, but in the Mewar region of southern Rajasthan (Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswara, Chittorgarh). Hence only A, B and C are correct.

Jakhrana goat is a breed of Behror-Jakhrana region of Alwar district which gives 5-6 liters of milk per day. The Barbary goat has a beautiful small size and grayish-white markings which is ideal for dairy farming. Nachna (Jaisalmer) is world famous for patrolling and riding by BSF soldiers due to its medium height, agility and attractive physique. Gomath (Phalodi) is known for carrying loads in the desert due to its immense strength and endurance. Bikaneri camel is most popular for carrying general burden.

Murrah buffalo (original from Haryana) is called 'Khundi' due to its dark black color and curved horns and is the mainstay of milk production in the state. Surti (Gujarat origin) is found in Udaipur and Chittorgarh. Bhadavari buffalo is coppery brown in color and its milk has the highest amount of fat. Statement D is completely false because 'Surra' or 'Tibarsa' (Surra) disease is not a disease of chickens, but is the most fatal three-year-old disease of 'camels' caused by the bite of flies by protozoa (Trypanosoma evansi). Hence only A, B and C are correct.

In Rajasthan, 10 state level cattle fairs are organized by the Animal Husbandry Department. Mallinath cattle fair is held on Chaitra Krishna Ekadashi on the banks of Luni river in Tilwara where Tharparkar and Kankrej breeds come. Veer Tejaji Cattle Fair is held in Parbatsar from Shravan Purnima to Bhadrapada Amavasya for the sale of Nagauri bulls (the biggest fair in terms of income). Baldev Cattle Fair is celebrated with Chaitra Shukla Ekam in Merta City. Chandrabhaga Animal Fair is organized in Jhalrapatan on Kartik Purnima for animals of Malvi breed.

The 20th Livestock Census 2019 was conducted through digital medium. Total livestock in the state is 56.8 million (a decline of 1.66% from 57.7 million in 2012). Rajasthan ranks first in the country in camels (84.43% of the country's total) and goats (14%); It ranks second among buffaloes and fourth among sheep. Statement D is false because between 2012 and 2019, there was a huge negative decline of -71.31% in the number of donkeys and -34.69% in the number of camels, and not an increase. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

The systematic beginning of dairy development in Rajasthan began with the formation of Rajasthan State Dairy Development Corporation (RDDCL) in 1975. Subsequently, 'Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation' (RCDF) was established in Jaipur in the year 1977-78 to operate a three-tier cooperative structure (Primary Milk Producer Cooperative Society at village level -> District Milk Producer Cooperative Federation at district level -> Apex Federation at State level) on the lines of Anand (Amul) model. Milk and milk products are marketed by RCDF under the brand name 'SARAS'.

CSWRI, established in 1962 at Avikanagar (Tonk), is the country's apex sheep and wool research institute where 'Avilin' and 'Avivastra' hybrid sheep were developed. The National Camel Research Center was established in 1984 in Joharbid (Bikaner) and the Central Horse Breeding Center (Horse Farm) is located here. Nohar in Hanumangarh is the regional center of Rathi and Tharparkar cattle breeds. Apart from this, Malvi cattle breeding center is established in Dag of Jhalawar and Murrah buffalo breeding center is established in Kumher (Bharatpur).

Bhil is the oldest and second largest tribe of Rajasthan. Their houses are called Ku or Tapra and the head of the village/pal is called Gameti. The tight dhoti of Bhil men is called Depada and the waist scarf is called Phalu. In emergency, Bhils shout 'Fire-Fire'. Statement D is false because 'Kachhaavu' is not a men's turban but a traditional red and black knee-length ghagra worn by Bhil women. The yellow saree worn by the bride on the occasion of marriage is called 'Piriya' and the red saree is called 'Sindoori'. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

Three types of marriages are mainly prevalent in the Garasia tribe (the third largest tribe, mainly of Abu Road and Pindwara of Sirohi): (1) Mor Bandhiya – which is solemnized with Toran and Phere according to Hindu customs and is considered the most prestigious; (2) Paharavana – In which nominal rounds take place and the groom takes the bride dressed in clothes; (3) Tanana - In which the groom's side marries the bride's side by paying dapa (bride price). 'HELRO' is a unique cooperative and social development organization of Garasia society which cooperates in collective works.

Sahariya tribe is known for its distinct social structure. This is the only PVTG (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group) of Rajasthan which resides in Shahabad and Kishanganj tehsils of Baran district. Their settlement is called Saharana, village is called Saharol and the head is called 'Kotwal'. Public Chaupal is called Hatai or Bungalow. In the Sahariya community, the 'Dhari Sanskar' practice of predicting the next birth by looking at the footprints on the ashes on the third day of death is very famous. The fair of Sitabari (Kelanwada, Baran) is called Kumbh of Sahariya tribe. Hence all the statements are true.

Beneshwar fair fills Magh Purnima at Triveni Sangam (Dungarpur) of Som, Mahi and Jakham where Shivling is worshiped at Nishkalnk Dham of Saint Mavji. Sitabari Fair (Baran) is held on Jyestha Amavasya where Valmiki Ashram and Sita Kund are situated. Ghotia Amba Fair (Banswara) is held on Chaitra Amavasya at the holy place of Pandavas which is considered to be the second major pilgrimage site of Bhils. Mankharo Melo is the biggest folk fair of Garasia tribe in Bhakar area of ​​Abu Road (Sirohi).

The Damor tribe is concentrated in Simalwada (Dungarpur) on the Gujarat border, called 'Damoria region'; Their main fairs are Chhaila Bavji fair (Panchmahal) and Gyaras Rewari fair (Dungarpur). Kanjar tribe is found in Hadoti who ask for paati from Chauth Mata and Hanuman ji and never lie after drinking the cup of Hakam Raja. Sansi tribe is found in Bharatpur where Kukri system is prevalent. Statement D is false because 'Bija' and 'Mala' are two major sub-castes/Khamps of Sansi tribe and not of Damor. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

The Kathodi tribe, originally from Khandesh in Maharashtra, was brought to the forests of Udaipur, Dungarpur and Baran to extract catechu from Khair trees. Because of the business of making catechu, they were called 'Kathodi'. Women of this tribe wear saree in Marathi style called 'Phadka'. In Kathodi society, there is a social custom of men and women drinking alcohol together. Their head is called 'Nayak' and this tribe depends on Mahua and Kandamul in the forests.

The geographical distribution of tribes in Rajasthan is highly concentrated in specific areas. Sahariya tribe resides 99% in Shahabad and Kishanganj tehsils of Baran district. Garasia tribe is concentrated in Bhakar area (Abu Road and Pindwara) of Sirohi district and nearby Pali-Udaipur. Damor tribe is found in Simalwada of Dungarpur. Sansi tribe is found mainly in Bharatpur, Dholpur and Jhunjhunu of eastern Rajasthan.

Walra is primitive shifting agriculture practiced by burning forests by the tribal communities of southern Rajasthan (Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswara, Pratapgarh). When this agriculture is done on the hill slopes, it is called 'Chimata', and when it is done in the flat plains after clearing the forests, it is called 'Dajia'. From the environmental point of view, it causes destruction of forests and soil erosion, hence it is being discouraged by the government. Statement D is false because dry rainfed farming is practiced in desert districts and not Walara. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

Meena is the most literate, prosperous and largest tribe of Rajasthan mainly concentrated in Jaipur, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli and Alwar. Under the chairmanship of Muni Magan Sagar, a huge Meena conference was held in Neem ka Thana in 1944, where the direction of social reform was decided on the basis of 'Meen Purana'. During the British era, in 1930, under the Jarayam Profession Act, it was made mandatory for every Meena man or woman above 12 years of age to attend the police station daily, against which there was a long movement and finally in 1952, it was completely canceled by the Tikaram Paliwal government. Hence all the statements are true.

According to 2011 census, the total tribal population of Rajasthan is 92.38 lakh. In this, the share of 'Meena' tribe alone is about 53.4% ​​(highest) which resides in Eastern and Central Rajasthan. In second place is the 'Bhil' tribe which constitutes about 39.2% of the total tribal population and is concentrated in the Southern Aravali. These two tribes together constitute more than 92% of the total tribal population of Rajasthan. This is followed by Garasia (about 3.5%), Sahariya (about 1.2%), Damor and other tribes.

DPAP was launched in 1974-75 for water, forest and land development and to mitigate the effects of drought. DDP was started in 1977–78 in 16 desert districts on the recommendation of the National Agriculture Commission to stop the spread of the Thar Desert. Initially DDP was 100% centrally sponsored, but since 1999, the funding of both the programs is 75% borne by the Central Government and 25% by the State Government. Now these are being integrated and operated under 'Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana-Watershed Development' (WDC-PMKSY). Statement D is false. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

CAZRI evolved from a desert afforestation center in 1952 to a full-fledged research institute under ICAR in 1959. AFRI was established in Jodhpur in 1988 by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (ICFRE) for forestry research. CIAH was established in 1993 for the development of dry fruits (plum, date, gonda, pomegranate) in Beechwal of Bikaner. Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board was established on 7 February 1975 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974.

Drought is classified by IMD on the basis of Rainfall Deficit: 0 to 25% deficit = normal season; 26% to 50% reduction = Moderate drought; And more than 50% deficiency = severe drought. Due to the uncertainty of climate in Rajasthan, famine is called a 'permanent guest'. On an average, drought occurs every 2.5 to 3 years in Jaisalmer and Barmer districts of the state and every 5 to 8 years in eastern Rajasthan. Hence all four statements are true.

The famine of 2002-03 was the worst 'trikal' (simultaneous crisis of food, water and fodder) in the modern history of Rajasthan. In this year, 40,990 villages and about 4.47 crore population in all 32 districts (then) of the state were badly affected by famine. This year, there was a huge deficit of more than 56% in total rainfall and Kharif production declined by 70%. After this, in the year 2009-10 also, 27 districts were affected by drought, but the famine of 2002-03 was the most widespread.

Only 1.16% of total surface water and 1.72% of ground water of the country is available in Rajasthan. Due to excessive exploitation by uncontrolled tube wells, more than 219 out of 302 blocks in the state have become 'over-exploited' (Dark Zone). Statement D is false because only around 30-35 (about 10-12%) are left in the safe category, not 80%. To deal with the groundwater crisis, anicuts and ponds are being renovated by the state government under the Ground Water Conservation Authority and Rajiv Gandhi Water Harvesting Scheme. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

According to the Desertification Atlas 2021 of ISRO (Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad), about 62.90% to 67% of the land area of ​​Rajasthan is affected by desertification and land degradation. The biggest factor causing desertification in the state is wind erosion (about 44.4%). After this, the second most important process 'Vegetation Degradation' (about 12.3%) and the third most important process 'Water Erosion' (about 3.7%) have been recorded. Excessive grazing and deforestation lead to vegetation degradation.

Under the new numbering system, NH-52 is a vital north-south lifeline of Rajasthan, extending from Sangrur (Punjab) to Ankola (Karnataka). In Rajasthan it passes through Churu, Sikar, Jaipur, Tonk, Bundi, Kota and Jhalawar (Jhalrapatan). It does not pass through Baran district. Statement D is false because the shortest national highway in Rajasthan is NH-919 (formerly NH-71B – Rewari-Dharuhera-Bhiwadi, just 4.7 to 5 km), not NH-52 (NH-52 is one of the longest highways in the state). Hence only A, B and C are correct.

NH-48 is the busiest and industrially important national highway of Rajasthan and is a part of the Golden Quadrilateral. The new NH-11 starts from Jaisalmer on the western frontier and goes to the Haryana border via Bikaner, Sikar. NH-62 connects northern Rajasthan (Ganganagar, Bikaner) with western industrial cities (Jodhpur, Pali). NH-68 is the Western Frontier Road that provides strategic connectivity to the Gujarat border, connecting Jaisalmer, Barmer and Sanchore.

Delhi-Mumbai Expressway (1386 km) is the longest 8-lane expressway in India. Its 374 km route in Rajasthan passes through eastern and south-eastern districts (Alwar, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, Bundi, Kota), covering the distance from Delhi to Jaipur/Dausa in just 2-3 hours. The country's first 8-lane tunnel and animal overpass has been built near Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve for uninterrupted movement of wildlife. Statement D is false because 'Amritsar-Jamnagar Greenfield Expressway' has been developed in the western desert (Jaisalmer-Barmer) as it passes through eastern Rajasthan. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation (RSRTC) was established on 1 October 1964. Its headquarters is located in Jaipur. Its main objective is to provide affordable, safe, regular and convenient public bus transport services to the citizens of the state. Rajasthan was the first state in India to declare its independent 'Road Policy' in 1994. After this, toll road network was developed by the state government on 'Rajasthan State Road Safety Policy' and PPP model.

North Western Railway (NWR) zone was officially formed on 1 October 2002 and its main regional headquarters is located in Jaipur. There are 4 railway divisions under this railway zone: Jaipur, Jodhpur, Ajmer and Bikaner. Kota Railway Division is not included in North-Western Railway but comes under 'West-Central Railway' (WCR - Headquarter Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh). Asia's first locomotive engine factory was established in Ajmer in 1879.

Modern industries in Rajasthan began with the establishment of 'The Krishna Mills Limited' by Seth Damodar Das Rathi in 1889 in Beawar. In 1915, the state's first cement factory was established by Click Nixon Company at Lakheri (Bundi). In 1932, the state's first sugar mill was established in the private sector at Bhopalsagar (Chittorgarh). RIICO was originally formed in 1969 along with Mineral Development Corporation, which was independently renamed as 'Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation' in January 1980.

RIICO is the nodal agency for industrial infrastructure development in the state which has developed special clusters: Japanese Manufacturing Zones at Neemrana and Ghiloth in collaboration with JETRO of Japan; Ceramic and Glass Park in Khara, Bikaner; Textile Park in Kishangarh; And Gems and Jewelery SEZ in Sitapura (Jaipur). Statement D is false because the mandis are operated by 'Rajasthan State Agricultural Marketing Board' (RSAMB), RIICO is responsible for industrial areas, parks, SEZs and investment promotion. Hence only A, B and C are correct.

4 major Agro Food Parks have been developed by RIICO to promote agro-based industries, food processing and value addition in the state: (1) Boranada (Jodhpur) – for western arid agricultural products; (2) Ranpur (Kota) – for soybean and spices of Hadoti; (3) Udyog Vihar (Sriganganagar) – for processing sugarcane, wheat and kinnow; and (4) M.I.A. (Alwar) – For processing mustard and oilseeds. Apart from this, the state's first 'Greentech Mega Food Park' has been established in Rupangarh (Ajmer) with the cooperation of the Central Government.

Cement industry is a weight-losing industry which requires about 1.5 tonne of limestone and 0.05 tonne of gypsum to make 1 tonne of cement. The main clusters in Rajasthan are Chittorgarh (Birla Cement, JK Cement Nimbahera, Aditya Cement), Sawai Madhopur, Bundi and Sirohi, based on the limestone of Vindhyan and Aravali. Gotan was the first plant in white cement production and Kharia Khangar is the largest plant in the country. White cement is also made in Mangrol (Chittorgarh). Hence all four statements are true.

Rajasthan State Chemical Works in Didwana are three units of the state government producing sodium sulphate and sodium sulphide from salt water. The first smelter of Hindustan Zinc Limited was established in 1966 at Debari (Udaipur). Instrumentation Limited is a Central Government Instrumentation Factory established in 1964 at Kota. SIMCO (Central India Machinery Co.) Wagon Factory established in Bharatpur in 1957 manufactures railway goods train wagons. Apart from this, Loco and Carriage Workshop is located in Ajmer and Hi-Tech Precision Glass Factory is located in Dholpur.

'The Ganganagar Sugar Mills Limited' was originally established in 1937 in the private sector under the name 'Bikaner Industrial Corporation'. In 1956, the state government took it under its control and made it a public sector undertaking. In 1968, Asia's first experimental plant for producing sugar from beetroot was established here. Presently this mill has been modernly shifted to Kaminpura (Sriganganagar) where sugar, by-product electricity and ethanol are manufactured.

Rajasthan is divided into a total of 10 agro-climatic divisions. Section I-C is the largest section in terms of area (Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Churu). Section II-B is the Godwad area (Jalore, Pali) of Luni Basin. Section III-B is the eastern flood plain (Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur) affected by Chambal and Banganga. Section V is the fertile black soil area of ​​Hadoti (Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar) where soybean and coriander are the main crops. The smallest agro-climatic section is IV-B (humid southern plains – Dungarpur, Banswara).

In summer (especially July), a deep low pressure center is formed due to extremely high temperatures in northwestern India and the Thar Desert. In July, the 1000 millibar isobar line passes through southern Rajasthan (Sirohi, Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Jhalawar) and the 998 millibar line passes through the mid-western desert (Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Churu). The 25 cm isobar divides the great desert (containing sand dunes) from the steppe plain. January is the coldest month in the state with temperatures dropping to freezing point in Churu and Mount Abu. Hence all the statements are true.

Rajkiran (RD-387) is a special variety of barley which is resistant to 'Molya disease' (nematode), while RD-2035 is an excellent barley for malt and beer industry. Raj-3077 and Sonalika are the most sown wheat varieties in Rajasthan which give good yields even with limited irrigation. RHB-30 and RCB-911 are improved drought tolerant hybrid varieties of millet developed by Rajasthan Agricultural University. Bikaneri Narma and Varalakshmi are the main American and indigenous cotton varieties of the state.

According to Rajasthan Agricultural Statistics 2023-24, more than 45% of the total mustard production of the country is produced in Rajasthan alone. The state is also first in millet production (more than 41%). The state tops the production of gram and pulses. 80% of Isabgol (Plantago ovata) is produced in Jalore, Barmer and Sirohi. Due to the production of excellent oranges in and around Bhawanimandi in Jhalawar district, it is called Chhota Nagpur of Rajasthan. Apart from this, Ramganjmandi (Kota) is Asia's largest market of coriander. Hence all the statements are true.

According to the 2011 census, 43.6% of the population of Rajasthan is working (main and marginal workers). Due to high participation of women in agriculture and forest produce collection, work participation rate is highest in tribal dominated Pratapgarh, Dungarpur and Banswara (Pratapgarh is top with 55.46%), whereas in urbanized Jaipur it is lowest (37.3%). In 2011, there were 30 cities in the state with a population of more than 1 lakh and the municipal cities with a population of more than 5 lakh are Jaipur (30.4 lakh), Jodhpur (10.3 lakh) and Kota (10.0 lakh). Hence all the statements are true.

In the 2011 census, the total child sex ratio (0-6 years) of Rajasthan was recorded as only 888, which was an alarming decline of 21 points compared to 2001 (909). The highest child sex ratio was recorded in the tribal dominated southern districts: Banswara (934) came first and Pratapgarh (933) came second (Dungarpur third with 922). On the contrary, the worst situation was seen in Shekhawati region where Jhunjhunu (837) was at the bottom and Sikar (848) was at the second lowest position. The rural child sex ratio was recorded at 892 and the urban child sex ratio was recorded at 874.

Rajasthan is surrounded by 5 neighboring states (Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat). Madhya Pradesh shares 10 districts of the state and forms a border of 1600 km; In this, the border of Jhalawar seems to be the longest and that of Bhilwara is the shortest. Dholpur district meets both UP and MP and Banswara district meets both MP and Gujarat. There are four border districts (Sriganganagar, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer) located on the international border, of which Jaisalmer has the maximum extent (464 km) and Bikaner has the least extent (168 km). Hence all four statements are completely true.

In the 110-year census history of Rajasthan (1901-2011), the decade 1911-1921 was the only period when the state's population declined by 6.29% instead of increasing (due to Chhappaniya famine, plague and Spanish flu epidemics), hence 1921 is called the 'Great Demographic Divide'. In contrast, Rajasthan recorded the highest ever decadal population growth rate (+32.97%) in the decade 1971–1981 due to the expansion of health services and a sharp decline in mortality after independence. Since then there has been a continuous deceleration trend in the growth rate (21.31% in 2001–2011).