Hadoti region has been extremely rich in terms of temple architecture of the Gupta period and post-Gupta period. 'Charchauma Temple' of Kota district is considered to be the oldest Gupta period Shiva temple of Rajasthan, where a fifth century black stone Chaturmukhi Shivalinga statue is installed in the sanctum sanctorum. The Kansua Shiva temple of Kota is extremely historical where an important inscription of 738 AD has been found which gives evidence of the presence of Dhaval, the last Maurya king in Rajasthan. The Gupta temple of Darra situated in the picturesque valleys of Mukundara also displays the excellent Panchayat architecture of this period. Hence, the four statements given here A, B, C and D are completely true.

The temple of Harshnath situated on the 3000 feet high Harsh hill near Sikar is the main abode of Lord Shiva (Harshdev), the family deity of Chauhans. The construction of this temple was started by the Chauhan ruler Guvak I of Shakambhari and later it was expanded during the reign of Vigraharaja II. The Harsha inscription of 973 AD obtained from here is the strongest evidence to understand the early genealogy and administrative system of Chauhans. In 1679 AD, Aurangzeb's generals Bahadur Khan and Ruhullah Khan attacked this temple and caused heavy damage to its amazing carved sculptures, the remains of which are still visible in the temple premises. Hence all the statements are true.

Option D is false because the Shiva temples of Badoli were not built with bricks but by skillfully joining red sandstone without lime (using dry stone technique). The Gupta period temple built with bricks is in Bhitargaon, Uttar Pradesh. There is a group of 8-9 temples in Badoli (Rawatbhata, Chittorgarh) in which the Ghateshwar Shiva temple is the most ornate. On the pillars of its theater, beautiful tunes and wonderful postures of Lord Shiva's Nataraja form are carved. Colonel James Todd, during his visit in 1821 AD, saw the artistry of these neglected temples and presented a detailed description of them to the western world.

Jagat Shiromani Temple situated at the foothills of Amer Fort is a unique confluence of Kachwaha architecture and Vaishnav devotion. Queen Kanakavati built it between 1599 and 1608 AD for the spiritual peace of her beloved Prince Jagat Singh after his untimely death. During the first Chittor campaign, Maharaja Mansingh brought the miraculous black stone idol of Girdhar Gopal worshiped by Mirabai from there and got it consecrated. The spire of the temple, the archway and the pavilion of Garudaji present a unique blend of South Indian and North Indian Nagara styles. Hence all statements A, B, C and D are completely correct.

Chittorgarh Fort is an unrivaled center of temples of various religious traditions. Kumbhaswamy temple was built by Maharana Kumbha in both Chittor and Kumbhalgarh to worship the Varaha form of Lord Vishnu. Samiddheshwar Temple was originally built in the 11th century by Parmar King Bhoj of Malwa as 'Tribhuvan Narayan Shiva Temple', which was rebuilt by Maharana Mokal in 1428 AD, hence it is also called 'Mokal Ji's Temple'. Kalika Mata Temple was originally a grand Sun Temple of the 8th century Pratihar period, whose sanctum sanctorum still houses the idols of the Sun God. Shringar Chanwari is famous as the marriage hall of Maharana Kumbha's daughter Ramabai (Vagishwari) and a temple dedicated to Jain Tirthankara Shantinath.

Jhalrapatan town of Jhalawar is a world famous center of temple architecture. The sanctum sanctorum of Sheetaleshwar Mahadev (Chandramouleshwar) temple bears the date of Samvat 746 (689 AD), engraved by the feudal lord Vopak of King Durggan, making it the first authenticated dated temple of Rajasthan. The grand Padmanabha Sun Temple here is situated with a 97 feet high Nagar Shikhar, which the local people call the 'Temple of Seven Friends'. Its main iconography is of Iranian influence and depicts the Sun God wearing knee-length boots, which is indicative of the ancient tradition of the solar cult. Hence all four statements A, B, C and D are true.

The Mahamandir of Jodhpur is the Sirmaur pilgrimage site of the Nath sect. When Maharaja Mansingh was surrounded by the Mughals and Marwar army in Jalore Fort, Nath Guru Ayas Devnath had predicted that he would become the king of Jodhpur. After becoming king, Mansingh built this grand temple with 84 pillars in Jodhpur instead of Jalore and gave the status of state religion to Nath sect. Its pillars have rare sculptures of yoga asanas and postures of the Nath sect. Mansingh's pious queen Pratapkunwari had shifted the Teeja Manjhi temple from its previous place and re-established it in 1857. Hence all statements A, B, C and D are correct.

The temple of 'Munchhala Mahavir' located at Ghanerao (Pali) is famous for the unique moustached statue of Lord Mahavir Swami, which is located near the Kumbhalgarh Sanctuary. Rishabhdev Temple located in Dhulev, Udaipur is a holy pilgrimage for both Jains and Vaishnavs, where the Bhil community calls Rishabhdev Ji as 'Kala Ji' and 'Kesariyanath Ji' and never lies after drinking the water of saffron applied on him. The ancient Vitthal Lord temple of Krishna-Rukmini is situated in the village towards Sirohi. The temple of Aavari Mata located in Nikumbh, Chittorgarh is known for miraculous healing of patients suffering from incurable diseases, especially paralysis.

Bayana Fort is a very ancient and strategically important Giri Fort of Rajasthan. It was called Vijaymandirgarh during the Gupta period. Bhim Lat pillar of red sandstone located in the fort is of Gupta Samvat 428 (371 AD) which was installed by Vishnuvardhan at the end of Pundarik Yagya, which is considered to be the first victory pillar of Rajasthan. Here there is a historical temple of Usha, daughter of King Banasur, which was converted into a mosque during the time of Iltutmish. During the Mughal period, Bayana's indigo was world famous for its superior luster and quality, which has also been mentioned by European travelers Bernier and Tavernier. Hence all four statements are true.

Option D is false because Maharaja Surajmal of Bharatpur, after conquering Bala Fort, built a huge reservoir 'Surya Kund' inside it and not Anarkali stepwell (Anarkali stepwell is located in Bundi). Bala Fort is an invincible fort built on a 1000 feet high hill of Aravalli, which could never be directly destroyed by any external enemy, hence it is also called 'Balon Fort'. Before the Battle of Khanwa, Babar had spent a night here and Jahangir was kept under house arrest by Akbar in the form of Prince Salim in the Salim Mahal here. It has 15 big and 52 small towers.

Nahargarh Fort, adorned like a crown on the northern hills of Jaipur, has extraordinary strategic and architectural importance. When Sawai Jai Singh started its construction, according to popular belief, due to the ghost of Nahar Singh Rathore (Bhumiya ji), the construction used to collapse during the day at night. Then, with the advice of Tantrik Ratnakar Poundrik, Nahar Singh ji's place was established somewhere else and the fort was named Nahargarh. Sawai Madho Singh II built nine identical two-storey palaces (suites) for his nine concubines (Paddayats) here, which had modern drainage and ventilation systems. Hence all statements A, B, C and D are true.

Jaigarh Fort was the military armory and royal treasury of the Kachwaha rulers. Strengthened by Mirza Raja Jai ​​Singh and Sawai Jai Singh on the mound of Chilah, this fort has huge ditches for rain water conservation. High quality metal casting technology was used in the cannon casting factory located here. The Jaiban cannon weighs 50 tonnes and was fired only once for testing, the shell of which fell in Chaksu where 'Golelav Pond' was formed. This fort was never conquered due to its secret underground passages, Diya Burj and Vijaygarhi armory and Jauhar was never required in it. Hence all the statements are true.

Achalgarh Fort is situated at a very important place from the strategic point of view on the Abu Hills of Sirohi. According to Kaviraja Shyamaldas, Kumbha had built a new fort and ramparts of Achalgarh in 1452 AD on the ancient destroyed fort of Paramaras to secure the western border of Mewar. Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple is unique in the whole of India because here in place of a Shivalinga, the toe of the right foot of Lord Shiva is worshiped, under which the underworld is considered to be the pit. Outside the temple, 'Bhaunrathal' and the historical Mandakini Kund, the place where the army was driven away by bees during the attack of Mahmud Begada, are situated. Hence all four statements are true.

Siwana Fort is the second most important defense fort of Marwar, situated on the Haldeshwar hill in the Chhappan mountains. There were two famous forts in this fort built by Veernarayan Panwar in 954 AD. First in 1308 AD, when Alauddin Khilji's commander Kamaluddin Gurg won the fort by deceit by mixing cow's blood in Bhandelav pond and Shitaldev attained martyrdom. The second Saka took place in 1589 AD on the orders of Akbar with the bravery of Kalla Rayamlot and the bravery of Hadi Rani against Mota Raja Udai Singh. Sher-e-Rajasthan Jayanarayan Vyas was also kept captive in this fort. Hence all the statements are true.

The fort of Chaumun (Jaipur Rural) was built by Thakur Karan Singh which is called 'Dharadhargarh' and Raghunathgarh. The strong fort built by Rao Maldev in 1534 AD at Merta (Nagaur) is known as 'Malkot Fort' which was a major military post on the border of Marwar and Ajmer. The ancient name of Timangarh located near Karauli was Tribhuvan Giri Fort, which was conquered by Mohammad Ghori and named Islamabad. Mehrangarh Fort of Jodhpur is called 'Mayurdhwajgarh', 'Garh Chintamani' and Kagmukhi Fort because of its peacock-like shape. Hence the correct code option is A.

The seven-storey lot 'Isarlat' (Sargasuli i.e. needle touching heaven), which has a prominent place in the skyline of Jaipur, was built by Sawai Ishwari Singh in 1747 AD. In the succession struggle that arose after the Dewari Agreement, Ishwari Singh had badly defeated the combined forces of his brother Madho Singh, Mewar and Marathas in the battle of Rajmahal. This octagonal tower was built to commemorate this victory. The irony was that in 1750 AD, when Maratha Sardar Malharrao Holkar attacked Jaipur to exact heavy damages, Ishwari Singh sacrificed his life by jumping from this very cliff. Hence option B is correct.

The Golden Palace of Tonk is counted among the most beautiful and lavishly decorated palaces of Rajasthan. Originally it was started during the time of Nawab Wazir-ud-Daula and later Nawab Ibrahim Ali Khan gave it the present golden look by adding Belgian colored glass, ceramic tiles and bright gold carvings on the walls. The floral motifs and geometric tracery on its ceiling are prime examples of Mughal and Persian styles. Many historians compare the beauty of this historical heritage with the Sheesh Mahal of Amer. Hence, all the four statements A, B, C and D are completely true.

Both the island palaces, which seem to be floating in the calm waters of Lake Pichola, are the pride of Mewar. Khurram (Shah Jahan) spent several months in the Jag Mandir Palace and it is said that seeing the marble domes and mosaics of the Jag Mandir inspired Shah Jahan to later build the Taj Mahal in Agra. Swaroop Singh had given shelter in Jagmandir to the British families rescued by Captain Showers from Dungla village during the rebellion of 1857. The second island palace 'Jagniwas' was built by Maharana Jagatsingh II as a summer luxury palace, which was converted into the world's best water palace hotel (Taj Lake Palace) in 1963. Hence all the statements are true.

'Abheda Mahal' situated on the banks of Chambal river in Kota was a famous hunting ground and water palace of Hada rulers which has recently been developed as a biological park. 'Chokholav Mahal', located inside the Mehrangarh Fort of Jodhpur, was built by Rao Maldev, which is famous for its frescoes (Ram-Ravana war). Badal Vilas and Jawahar Vilas located in the Sonar Fort of Jaisalmer are the palaces of the Bhati rulers with exquisitely carved windows. 'Juna Mahal' of Dungarpur is a 7-storey stone palace of the 13th century which is decorated with glass and frescoes from inside. Hence the correct code option is A.

The stone lattices and windows of Jaisalmer are considered unmatched in world architecture. Patavon Ki Haveli is a group of 5 independent mansions which took 50 years to build; It has more than 66 artistic windows. The nine-storey mansion of Diwan Salim Singh is called 'Jahaz Mahal' because of its ship-like structure (its wooden upper floors were later removed for security reasons). Two lifelike yellow stone elephants stand guard outside Nathmal's mansion and the two halves, carved by the two brothers, look surprisingly identical. Hence all four statements are true.

Feudal and commercial prosperity in Rajasthan gave rise to the grand tradition of havelis. The red sandstone havelis of Jodhpur in Marwar are famous for their cut windows and hammams. The mansion of the powerful Diwan Jhala Zalim Singh in Kota is a living museum of 18th-19th century Hadoti frescoes depicting tiger hunting scenes in dense forests. In the rural architectural terminology of Shekhawati, the sitting area in front of the mansion is called 'Tibari', the main gate is called 'Pol' and the huge enclosure for animals is called 'Nohra'. 'Malji's Room' of Churu is a wonderful palatial building built by Malchand Kothari. Hence all four statements are true.

The Chhatris of Rajasthan are not just architecture but monuments of devotion and sacrifice. The last rites of Maharana Sanga took place in Mandalgarh where Jagirdar Ashok Parmar of Bijolia built a beautiful chhatri of 8 pillars. The Chhatri of Prithviraj Sisodia, who is called 'Flying Prince' because he is a fast runner, is situated on 12 pillars on the main road of Kumbhalgarh, which was built by architect Ghanshya. In Mehrangarh, there is a famous 10-pillared Chhatri of maternal uncle Dhanna Gehlot and nephew Bhinwa Chauhan, who sacrificed their lives to protect their master during the reign of Maharaja Ajit Singh. A grand chhatri of the Brahmin deity was built in Mandore during the time of King Mansingh. Hence all the statements are true.

The famous Chhatri of 12 pillars of Kunwar Prithviraj Sisodia is situated in Kumbhalgarh Fort. The oldest and most important Chhatri in Devikund Sagar, the royal cremation ground of the Rathore rulers of Bikaner, is that of Rao Kalyanmal, which shows an early form of Hindu-Mughal architecture. Chhatri of Yaduvanshi Raja Gopal Singh is built on the banks of Bhadravati river in Karauli, which is famous for its beautiful arches. In Ramgarh town of Sikar district, there is a huge chhatri of Seth Ramgopal Poddar, in the inner part of the domes of which beautiful frescoes of Ramayana and Krishna Leela are still safe. Hence the correct code is A.

The dry geography of Rajasthan has been the origin of excellent architecture for water conservation. Chand Bawadi of Abhaneri has more than 3500 narrow stairs descending through 13 floors which create an optical illusion; Harshad Mata temple is situated in front of it. Panna Meena stepwell of Amer is a major center of tourist attraction due to its intersecting stairs. Chariots and horsemen could go down to the 9 storey deep stepwell of Neemrana. Bundi is called the 'City of Stepwells' where Raniji's Stepwell, Dhabhai Kund and Anarkali's Stepwell are located. Hence all the statements are true.

Self-sufficiency of water during long sieges in hill forts was a matter of life and death. Nana Saheb and Ibrahim's Jhalres, built by cutting rocks on the Beethali hill of Taragarh Fort, are excellent examples of engineering. Salim Sagar located in Bala Fort (Alwar) was built during the time of Jahangir and Surajkund during the time of Surajmal Jat. In Mehrangarh, Rao Jodha's queen Jasmade Hadi had built Ranisar and Rao Ganga's queen Padmavati had built Padmasar pond. The historical Buddha Johar Gurudwara located in Raisinghnagar (Sriganganagar) is associated with the memory of the bravery done by Bhai Sukha Singh and Mahtab Singh in 1740 AD to protect Harmandir Sahib where a fair is held every year on Shravan Amavasya. Hence all the statements are true.

The creation of life-size (full size from head to toe) portraits in the Jaipur style was a landmark event in the history of Indian miniature painting. Sawai Ishwari Singh's court painter Sahibram, with his fine paintbrush, painted the king's clothes, jewelery and facial expressions on a huge canvas in a very realistic manner. Sawai Jai Singh had created 'Surat Khana' for painting in 36 factories, which was further enriched by Sawai Pratap Singh. During the time of Sawai Pratap Singh, more than 50 painters worked here. Ramjidas and Triloka created hundreds of beautiful paintings on mythological and religious subjects. Hence all the statements are true.

After the Haldighati battle, Maharana Pratap defeated Luna Chavandia in 1585 AD and made Chavand his new capital, which remained the main center of art and culture of Mewar till the Mughal-Mewar treaty of 1615 AD. Despite the crisis, an original and indigenous painting style developed here. The Dhola-Maru painting of 1592 AD is currently preserved in the National Museum, New Delhi. 'Ragmala' of 1605, painted by Nisardin during the time of Amar Singh I, is considered to be the highest peak of Chavand style, which has a total of 42 letters (images). Mughal influence is negligible in this and pure Mewari color combination has been used. Hence all four statements are true.

The Bikaner painting style is unique throughout India for its delicate linework, delicate color scheme and archival authenticity. The painters here used to write their own name and year of creation on the back or corner of the painting, which provided the greatest help to art historians in determining the chronology. Maharaja Anup Singh, while returning from the southern campaign, brought many skilled artists to Bikaner. Ruknuddin portrayed Rasikpriya, Bhagwat Purana and Durga Saptashati beautifully. Matheran artists were proficient in depiction of Jain scriptures and gold carving on lime stucco. Hence all the four statements A, B, C and D are true.

Kota painting style is famous all over the world for its hunting scenes. During the time of Maharao Ram Singh and Maharao Umed Singh I, hunting was not just a sport but a symbol of royal grandeur. The 'Ragamala' set painted by painter Dalu in 1768 AD has a total of 36 paintings which are preserved in art galleries. The most revolutionary feature of the Kota style is that instead of being behind the curtain, the queens and princesses are shown in courageous attire like men, hunting and using bow and arrow. Hence all statements A, B, C and D are completely correct.

After gaining independence from Jaipur in 1775 AD, Alwar developed a distinctive hybrid style which incorporated the influence of Jaipur, Mughal and later British Company style. Maharaja Vinay Singh himself was a lover of art; He had spent Rs 1 lakh in preparing Sheikh Saadi's 'Gulistan' which is now an invaluable treasure of the Alwar Museum. Buxaram, Jamnadas and Chhotalal made live pictures of the Leelas of Lord Krishna and dancers and musical instruments during the time of Shivdan Singh. The delicate depiction on the ivory plates remained the unique identity of the Alwar style. Hence all the statements are true.

Excellent painting styles with local characteristics also developed in the feudal centers under the major princely states of Rajasthan. Uniyara (Tonk) was situated at the confluence of Dhundhar and Hadoti where Dhimma, Mirbaksh, Kashi and Ramlakhan painted beautiful paintings under the patronage of Naruka rulers. Shahpura and Sawar were the centers of Phad paintings and miniature paintings under the Mewar school. Court and hunting paintings were made in Ghanerao, Riya and Juniya bases of Marwar (the portrait of Pabuji in 1698 by Juniya painter Chand is famous). Isarda and Samod were places associated with the Jaipur court. Hence the correct code is A.

The history of painting in Rajasthan is not limited to medieval paintings only but dates back to prehistoric times. Dr. V.S. Wakankar and local archaeologists have discovered a rich series of rock paintings in the caves of Rajasthan. Ocher colored rock paintings used by primitive man have been found in Bairath. Alanya (Kota) is called 'Rock Shelter Gallery'. The 'Bird Rider Rock Painting', discovered in 2003 in Bundi's Gardara, became famous globally, in which a human being has been carved riding on a huge bird. Primitive cave paintings have also been found from Bhimbhadak in Jodhpur. Hence all the statements are true.

Rajasthan has the highest position in the country in woolen textile craft. Namdas of Tonk are famous all over India where wool is churned with a solution of soap and water to create dense floor carpets which are beautifully embroidered. Jaipur has a historical place in carpet manufacturing. Raja Mansingh I brought it to Amer during the Mughal period in the 16th century. Silk and woolen carpets made by the inmates of Jaipur jail in the 19th century have won gold medals in the international exhibition in London. Best quality carpets are also made in Bikaner and Tonk. Hence all four statements are true.

'Badla' of Jodhpur is a highly scientific and traditional handicraft developed to suit the extreme heat of the Thar Desert. It is a flat or round water bottle made of pure zinc metal. Due to the metallic properties of zinc and the layer of moist cloth, felt or leather applied over it, due to the process of evaporation, the water filled inside it naturally remains extremely cool and fresh for a long time. The villagers, camel riders and soldiers of Marwar compulsorily carried Badla with them during their travels. Hence option B is correct.

Rajasthan has been a battlefield, hence amazing metal crafts developed here to make weapons artistic. Koftgari art originally came to India from Damascus and Iran through the Mughals and was adopted by the Sikligar artisans of Alwar and Jaipur. In this, thin gold wires are made by making fine incisions on the surface of the iron. The metal is deeply engraved and the wires are filled in the fold mark. Moradabadi work of Jaipur is famous in India and abroad for its fine carving and lac filling on brass utensils. Hence all statements A, B, C and D are completely true.

In Dabu printing, different types have evolved depending on the material used to protect it from dyeing. In Akola (Chittorgarh), mud dabu is applied with a paste of black clay, lime and bindhan. In Sawai Madhopur and Bagru, dabu of hot melted wax is used which creates a beautiful crackle effect in the colour. In Balotra and Sanganer, dabu made of acacia gum and wheat peel/bindha pulp is applied. In Jajam printing, dark red and brown dabu is printed on thick cloth spread on the floor. Hence the correct code option is A.

Apart from Blue Pottery (Jaipur), many other distinctive pottery styles are famous in Rajasthan. The red-pink clay pottery of Pokaran (Jaisalmer) is famous for its transparent water vessels and artistic utensils, which has also received the GI tag. The paper pottery of Alwar is so thin and light that it appears like paper (double cut design). Black Pottery of Kota is known for its attractive black colored vases and pots. The utensils baked in Bikaner's Golden Pottery are painted with gold work and golden colors. Hence the correct code is A.

Rajasthan has been the birthplace of the major gharanas of Indian classical music and dance. The Jaipur Gharana of Kathak dance is famous for its intense lyricism, whirling pieces and sheer technical purity of Veer Rasa, the founder of which was Bhanuji Maharaj. Jaipur Gharana in Khayal singing was established by Bhupat Khan 'Manarang', a descendant of Sadarang-Adarang, whose bands are sung even today. Atrauli Gharana is known for its powerful tunes of Dhrupad and Khayal. The famous Alia-Fattu duo, who laid the foundation of Patiala Gharana, were also basically inspired by the musicians of Rajputana. Hence all the statements are true.

Mand singing is considered the soul of Rajasthan. Born in the form of Raga Mand in the royal courts of Mand region (Jaisalmer) in the medieval period, this genre is a wonderful blend of folk and classical music. Along with Allah Jillai Bai of Bikaner, Gawari Devi of Pali (who was called the queen of Mand singing) increased the prestige of Rajasthan at the international level. Mangi Bai Arya prepared music booklets for the preservation of Mand songs. In the palaces and palaces of the Nawabs of Jaipur, Banno Begum and Jamila Bano in Western Rajasthan made Mand immortal with their tinkling voice. Hence all four statements are true.

Option D is false because Bhapang is not a string instrument made of metal plate but it is a 'string instrument' made of copper and leather. The player controls the tension of the string by pressing it in his armpit with one hand and strikes it with a wooden spring or mijraab with the other hand, which produces resonating sounds like 'Damru' and 'Ghantanaad'. Mewat's folk artist Zahoor Khan Mewati made it famous in Bollywood films and international music festivals. Umar Farooq Mewati also gave it global recognition. Hence option D is the correct answer.

The diversity of wind instruments in Rajasthan is astonishing. Bankiya's sharp voice is heard far and wide in marriage and bravery incidents. Mashak (an ancient Indian form of bagpipe) is made of whole goat skin stitched together to collect air and produce a continuous melodious tune (especially in Alwar and Sawai Madhopur). Singi is a spiritual instrument of saints and sages. Bhungal is played loudly on the Mewar and Gujarat border to attract the audience before the start of the Bhavai Natya. Hence all statements A, B, C and D are completely true.

The folk art of Rajasthan is unmatched among percussion instruments. The clay mandala made by the potters of Molela is considered to be the instrument of Lord Shiva and Parvati. Sadiq Khan Manganiyar was world famous for playing the Khadtal with lightning speed by waving it in the air with the speed of his fingers (Magician of Khadtal). The Maath instrument consists of two big earthen pots covered with camel or goat skin, which Pabuji's thori and Bhil devotees play by placing them on the ground. Chang is the soul of Holi of Shekhawati with which gindar and dhamaal are sung. Hence all four statements are true.

Agni Nritya is the most awe-inspiring and spiritual folk dance of Rajasthan. In Katriyasar village of Bikaner, a huge pile of burning embers (Dhuna) is prepared during winter nights. When Jasnathi Siddha dances on the embers while wearing a black wool garland around his neck and chanting 'Fateh-Fateh' (Victory), he does not get even a single blister on his feet. This is a symbol of his unwavering faith and yoga practice. Maharaja Ganga Singh had encouraged the artists of this dance by giving them patronage. In this dance there is intense accompaniment of drums and cymbals. Hence all four statements are true.

The dances of the Bhil tribe reflect their historical valor, forest life and social collectivity. Hathimana is a heroic dance performed by the groom and men in the marriage hall. In Dvichakri, two circles are formed which move in opposite directions. In the war dance, Bhil youth display fierce postures similar to actual war, which is currently banned/limited due to the threat of violence. In Neja dance, women hit sticks to protect the pillars and young men try to snatch the coconut. Apart from this, Gawari and Gair are also the main dances of Bhils. Hence all four statements are true.

The Kanjar tribe is considered extremely adept in physical strength and acrobatics. Chakri dance is the main attraction in the fairs of Bundi and Hadoti on the occasion of Kajali Teej. The dancers, wearing colorful 80-bud ghagras, move around at such a fast pace that the ghagra spreads like an umbrella and it becomes impossible for the eyes to catch the movement of the feet. Dhakad dance is a purely male war dance in which the bravery performed by Jhala Bira in protecting his group is staged. Shanti Devi, Phila Devi and Santra Devi have been famous artists of Chakri dance. Hence all the statements are true.

Bam Nritya is a famous Phalguni dance of Eastern Rajasthan (Bharatpur-Alwar) in which a huge drum (Bam) is played with two big sticks and the song 'Rasiya' is sung along with it, it is called 'Bam-Rasiya'. Dandiya dance is performed in Marwar (Jodhpur) by men striking decorated sticks in their hands in praise of Bhairav ​​and Durga. Dhol dance is a state level dance played in Thakna style on wedding occasions in Jalore. Bindauri dance is a joyous folk dance performed on the lines of Gair in Jhalawar on marriages and Holi. Hence the correct code option is A.

Nautanki folk theater is most prevalent in Bharatpur and Dholpur, associated with Braj culture. At the end of the 19th century, Bhurilal of Deeg took it to the masses through his troupe; Later his disciple Natthilal took it forward. Nautanki was named 'Nautanki' due to the inclusion of nine instruments. In this, dialogues are sung in Doha, Chaubola, Chhappay and Bahr-Taweel verses. In this, the poetic sparring over the beat of the drum fills the audience with thrill. Giriraj Prasad has been a famous drama artist of Sirohiya Kaman. Hence all statements A, B, C and D are completely true.

Turra-Kalangi Khayal is a unique folk theater of communal harmony and Akhara tradition. The king of Chanderi, pleased with the scriptures of both the saints, gifted the turma of his turban to Tukangir and the kalangi to Shah Ali. Chetram, Hameed Beg, Tarachand and Omkar Singh were its main masters in Chittorgarh. In this Khayal, the stage is decorated grandly and two Akharas sit facing each other and answer questions in improvised couplets. The spectators also become supporters of the Akharas and encourage them. The main instrument in this is 'Chang'. Hence all four statements are true.

Bahurupiya art is one of the oldest acting forms of Rajasthan which has been kept alive by the Bhand and Rawal caste artists for generations. Jankilal Bhand (Bhilwara) created such a lively mime of Narada, Kalbeliya, Postman, Lord Ram, Ravana and Bandar (Monkey) that people even in Germany, Japan and America were enthralled. He was awarded the prestigious 'Padmashree' award in the field of arts by the Government of India in 2024. Parashuram ji of Kelwa (Rajsamand) also performed mime in the country and abroad. Hence all statements A, B, C and D are completely correct.

Alibakhshi Khayal, propounded by Nawab Alibakhsh, the Jagirdar of Mundawar (Alwar) (known as Raskhan of Mewat) is based on Krishna Leelas in Ahirwati dialect. Hela Khayal is a famous khayal of Lalsot (Dausa) in which 'Hela' (call) is given with a long tone and the main instrument is 'Naubat'. Kanhaiya Khayal is composed by the Meena and Gujar community of eastern Rajasthan in the form of 'Dangal' in which religious narratives (Kahan) are presented. Dafali Khayal is a Shringar based Khayal sung on Dafli and Sarangi on the Alwar-Bharatpur border. Hence the correct code option is A.

Dhundhadi dialect is the second largest dialect in Rajasthan in terms of population, which is mentioned in the 18th century book 'Aath Des Gujri'. The Kantli basin under the rule of Tomar/Tanwar Rajputs was called Toravati where the dialect was called 'Toravati'. Nagarchol and Kathedi subdialects are spoken in Rajawati in the eastern part of Jaipur (Bassi, Chaksu), Chaurasi in the western part of Tonk and in the border areas of Sawai Madhopur. The songs of Dadupanth (Sadhukkadi mixed Dhundhari) are the biggest literary heritage of this dialect. Hence all the four statements A, B, C and D are true.

Marwari is the main standard dialect of Rajasthan which is spread throughout western Rajasthan. Due to geographical differences, many of its beautiful subdialects developed. Dhataki is spoken in the Thar region bordering Sindh. Thali is spread in the Bikaner-Churu region with high sand dunes (thali). Devadavati is spoken in Sirohi under the influence of Deora Chauhans. Godwadi is spoken in Bali of Pali, Desuri and Ahor region of Jalore, which is very rich in terms of literature (Bisaldev Raso is in this). Hence all four statements are true.

Bisaldev Raso is a melodious decorative and lyrical poetry, different from the Veer Rasa-oriented Raso texts. Its creator Narapati Nalh was associated with Ajmer court. The book has four sections respectively: Bisaladev-Rajmati marriage in the first; In the second, the king goes to Orissa after getting angry with the queen's sarcasm; In the third, the queen's separation pain and perennial description; And in the fourth chapter there is a depiction of the king's return and reunion. This is considered to be the earliest and excellent book describing 'Barhamasa' separation in Hindi and Rajasthani. Hence all four statements are true.

Option D is false because Kanhadade Prabandh is not a translation of any Sanskrit text but it is an independent historical epic originally composed in Old Rajasthani (Apabhramsha mixed Gujarati-Rajasthani) in 1455 AD. Famous scholars Muni Jinvijay and Professor K. B. Vyas has considered it to be the most important text of the medieval Indo-Aryan language. It has a unique description of Kanhadde's attack on the Khilji army returning from the demolition of Somnath temple, the Sakas of Siwana and Jalore, the Jauhar of Rajput brave women and the self-respect of Veeramdev. Hence option D is the correct answer.

Muhannot Nainasi (1610-1670 AD), Diwan of Jodhpur Maharaja Jaswant Singh I, was India's greatest statistician and historian. 'Marwar Ra Pargana Ri Vigat' is the first book of India written in the medieval period using the scientific method like modern gazetteer. In this, details of land, produce, means of irrigation and tax system of each village of seven parganas of Marwar are recorded between Samvat 1715 and 1719. Nainasi's second immortal work 'Muhanot Nainasi Ri Khyat' is an unbiased history of the entire Rajputana dynasties. Munshi Devi Prasad called him 'Abul Fazal of Rajputana'. Hence all the statements are true.

Famous literature is the richest indigenous source of the history of medieval Rajasthan. The word 'Khayat' is derived from Sanskrit 'Khyati' which means spread of fame. Dayaldas Sindhayach is considered to be the last great writer of Rajasthan who wrote the authentic history of Bikaner state. Mundiad was a historical estate of bards located near Nagaur, where the fame of the bravery of Rathores from Rao Siha to Jaswant Singh is compiled. Sanad Parvana Books, Haqiqat Books and Dastur Komwar Books are also similar sources of administrative history in Jodhpur state. Hence all the statements are true.

Maharana Kumbha (1433-1468 AD) was a scholar, expert in playing Veena and a unique writer. According to Kirti Stambh Prashasti, Kumbha composed 'Sangeetraj' which is an encyclopedia of Indian music. It has 5 ratnakoshas: Patha Ratnakosh (literature and poetry), Geet Ratnakosh (melody and singing), Vadya Ratnakosh (instruments), Nritya Ratnakosh (dance postures) and Rasa Ratnakosh (drama juice). Kumbha also wrote commentaries on Chandi Shatak and Sarangdhar's Sangeet Ratnakar. His music gurus were Sarang Vyas and Shilpi Mandan. Hence, all the four statements A, B, C and D are completely true.

The period of Kumbha was the golden age of Rajasthani architecture in which Mandan and his family wrote authentic texts on Vastushastra. Mandan (chief architect of Kumbhalgarh fort) wrote rules for town planning, palaces and common houses in 'Rajvallabh'; In 'Rupmandan', rules for the sculpture of various gods and goddesses (Vishnu, Shiva, Jain statues) were written. Mandan's brother Natha composed 'Vastu Manjari'. Mandan's son Govind wrote unique texts like 'Kala Nidhi' (construction of temple peak), 'Dwar Deepika' and 'Uddhaar Dhorani' (renovation). Hence the correct code option is A.

These works have an immortal place in the modern history writing of Rajasthan. Dr. Nathuram Khadgawat, the first director of Rajasthan State Archives, wrote '1857 in Rajasthan' on the basis of archival documents. The book 'The Mutinies in Rajputana' (1860) by Captain I.T. Pritchard, an eyewitness to the rebellion in Nasirabad, is a vivid account of the revolution. 'Veer Vinod' of Mewar Maharana Sajjan Singh's court poet Raja Shyamaldas is a book honored with 'Mahamopadhyay' and 'Kesar-e-Hind' by the British government. Pandit ji was born in Rohida (Sirohi). H. Ojha wrote a history of the ancient Indian districts of Lipimala and Rajputana. Hence all the statements are true.

Bithu Meha described the valor of the folk deities in 'Pabuji Ra Chhand' and 'Gogaji Ra Rasawala'. In 'Hala Jhala Ri Kundliyan', Isardas Barhath gave a vivid description of the war between King Durjanshal of Idar and Rao Jam of Jamnagar in 50 horoscopes. Karnidan poet wrote the victory story of Jodhpur Maharaja Abhay Singh in 'Suraj Prakash'. Despite being the court poet of Akbar, the great poet who wrote 'Kirtar Bavani' (52 couplets) and 'Viridhu Chihattari' (76 couplets) in praise of Maharana Pratap's self-respect was Dursa Adha. Hence the correct code option is A.

Meghraj Mukul's poem 'Sainani' is based on the supreme sacrifice of Hadi Rani Sahal Kanwar in which she cut off her head and sent it on a plate to her husband Rao Ratan Singh Chundawat, who was going to war, when he asked for a sign. Mani Madhukar received the Sahitya Akademi Award for his famous poetry collection 'Pagfero' (1974). Satyaprakash Joshi protested against war and feudal exploitation by writing 'Bol Bharmali' and 'Radha'. Bikaner's progressive poet Harish Bhadani wrote classic works like 'Baathan Mein Geography' and 'Sulgati Araval'. Hence, the correctly matched option is A.

Ramsnehi sect is the biggest sect of Nirguna Ram Bhakti where Ram does not mean Dashrath's son Ram but omnipresent formless Brahma. Its place of worship is called 'Ramdwara'. Saint Ramcharan ji was the founder of Shahpura Pradhan Peeth where the famous 'Phooldol Mahotsav' is celebrated from Chaitra Krishna Ekam to Panchami. Saint Dariav ji of Ren branch emphasized on Hindu-Muslim unity by calling 'Ra' as Ram and 'Ma' as Muhammad. The founder of Singhthal branch was Saint Hariramdas ji who wrote the book 'Nishani' on Pranayam and Yoga Sadhana. The Khedapa branch was established by Saint Ramdas ji, a disciple of Saint Hariramdas. Hence the correct code option is A.

Option D is false because Sant Laldas ji was not a monk or unmarried; He was a household saint. He was married and had children. He himself used to cut dry wood from the forest, carry a bundle on his head and sell it in the market of Alwar and support his family with the same honest hard-earned money. They considered begging as a sin and disgrace. His speeches are compiled in 'Laldas Ki Vani'. He died in Nangla Jahaz (Bharatpur) and his mausoleum is in Sherpur (Alwar). Hence option D is the correct answer.

Niranjani sect is a very prestigious Nirguni sect of Rajasthan. Hari Singh, born in the Sankhla Rajput clan, became a dacoit due to circumstances, but due to the teachings of a Siddha Mahatma, his heart changed and he became a highly knowledgeable saint like Maharishi Valmiki, hence people call him 'Valmiki of Kalyug'. In the Niranjani sect, God is called 'Alakh Niranjan' or 'Hari Niranjan'. The followers of this sect are divided into two classes: 'Nihang' (ascetic monks) and 'Gharbari' (householder followers). Their annual fair is held in Gadha from Falgun Shukla Ekam to Dwadashi. Hence all four statements are true.

Vaishnava sects most deeply influenced the art, music and painting of Rajasthan. During the demolition of Aurangzeb's temple in 1672 AD, Mewar Maharana Raj Singh installed the idol of Shrinathji, who had come from Govardhan, in Sihar village, which is today called Nathdwara. Of the seven major Peethas of Vallabha sect, five are in Rajasthan. Galta Tirtha is said to be 'Uttar Totadri' where Krishnadas Payahari (who took only milk diet) initiated King Prithviraj Kachhwaha of Amer and his queen Balabai into the Ramanandi sect. Nimbarka Peeth was established in Salemabad by Parshuram Dev. Hence all the statements are true.

Veer Fattaji was a brave warrior of Santhu (Jalore) who attained martyrdom on Bhadrapada Shukla Navami while protecting cows and women from Muslim robbers on the border of the village. Veer Biggaji Jakhar is the family deity of Jat community who sacrificed his life in Reedi (Bikaner) while rescuing cows from Muslim invaders. Kshetrapala (Khetapalia) is worshiped as a folk deity, the protector of borders and fields, in the rural culture of Rajasthan. Mehaji Mangalia is included among the Panchpiras of Rajasthan whose famous temple is in Bapani where a fair is held on Krishna Janmashtami. Hence the correct code option is A.

'Bhuriya Baba' (Gautameshwar Mahadev), considered to be the incarnation of Gautam Rishi, is the greatest and most sacred presiding deity of the Meena tribe of southern Rajasthan. People of Meena community never take false oath (Gangajali or Saugandh) on Bhuriya Baba in their life. A huge fair is held on Vaishakh Purnima in Arnod (Pratapgarh) where the ashes of the deceased are immersed in Papmochan Tirtha. The second famous shrine is located at Chotila/Posaliya in the foothills of Sukdi river in Sirohi district where entry of uniformed policemen was traditionally considered prohibited. Hence option D is correct.

Baan Mata is the family deity of Mewar dynasty whose idol is worshiped in the form of an arrow. Aavari Mata is situated in Nikumbh village where people suffering from physical paralysis come and get health benefits. Badli Mata is situated on the banks of river Bedach in Akola, where it is believed that if a sick child is taken out through two narrow windows (windows in the walls) of the temple, his incurable diseases are cured. Chhinch Mata is located in Chhinch village of Banswara where along with the Devi temple, Brahma temple, one of the famous Brahma temples of Rajasthan, is also located. Hence the correct code option is A.

Bhadrapada month is the most intense month of religious fasts and folk festivals in Rajasthan. On Ub Chhath, girls and women stand in the evening and wait for the moonrise. On the occasion of the birth of a child, women with daughters worship the cow-calf and eat millet bread and buttermilk (wheat and cow's milk are prohibited) for the long life of the child. A procession of palanquins of deities takes place at Jaljhulani Gyaras, Charbhuja Ji (Garhbor) and all Vaishnav temples. Paryushana Mahaparva of Jainism concludes with 'Michchami Dukkadam' (seeking forgiveness). Sugandh Dashami is celebrated on Bhadrapada Shukla Dashami. Hence all the statements are true.

Fairs of Rajasthan are the backbone of folk culture and economy. Maharishi Valmiki's Ashram, Sita Kuti and Laxman Kund are located in Sitabari (Baran) where the Sahariya community holds its Panchayats and immerses the ashes. Chandrabhaga Fair of Jhalrapatan and Baldev/Tejaji Fair of Nagaur are the major revenue generating cattle fairs of Rajasthan. Diggi Kalyanji is associated with the mythological story of King Digva's cure from leprosy where the Lakkhi Padayatra goes from Jaipur. There are 52 ghats in Kolayat Lake where grand lighting of lamps is done on Kartik Purnima like in Pushkar. Hence all four statements are true.

In Indian culture, human life is divided into 16 rituals which start from conception till the last rites (funeral). After the birth of the child, 'Jadula' (head shaving) is taken to the place of Kuldevi or folk deity. Upanayana Sanskar is the ritual of wearing the sacred thread by the Guru after giving Gayatri Mantra at the beginning of education. Tossing coins on the way while being taken to the crematorium on the occasion of death is called 'Bakher'; On the third day, bone collection 'Tiya' is done and on the twelfth day, Pind Daan and turban tradition is done. Sitting in the condolence meeting is called 'Satarwada'. As part of social reforms, the practice of Mauser has been legally banned. Hence all the statements are true.

The tribes of Rajasthan have their own unique and autonomous social system. Among Bhils, small groups together form 'Pal' whose supreme administrative and judicial head is called 'Gameti'. A traditional cooperative platform called 'Hellaru' works in the Garasia community for collective labour, agriculture and assistance in distress. Sansi tribe is found in Bharatpur and Ajmer which has two branches Bija (affluent class) and Mala (common class); There has been a strict tradition of Agni/Kukdi ritual to purify the character of a girl before marriage. The Damor tribe is concentrated in Simalwada on the Gujarat border where Chhaila Babuji fair is held. Hence all the statements are true.

The costumes of Rajasthan are a reflection of its climate and social prestige. Angarkhi (Bugatri) has been the main garment for the upper part of the body over which rich people used to wear 'choga' or 'jama'. Jodhpuri Brijesh is a beautiful fusion of British riding breeches and Indian pajama which is still considered formal attire even today. Pachhwada is the most useful winter wear of rural men. In the tribal society, among the printed Odhanis, 'Tarabhant' (Odhni with dots like stars) is considered especially revered and auspicious, which is worn by Bhil and Meena women with great enthusiasm. Hence all four statements are true.

The sons of Rajasthan had sacrificed everything for the independence of the country. Arjun Lal Sethi, born in Jaipur, was a great scholar of Jainism who gave secret training in bomb making and revolution to the revolutionaries (like Zorawar Singh, Pratap Singh Barhath) in the name of Vardhman Vidyalaya. He was also associated with the Nimez massacre and ultimately died while teaching children as 'Karim Khan' in Ajmer Dargah. Amarchand Banthia of Bikaner had opened the treasury of Gwalior for salary and supplies to Lakshmibai's army, due to which the British hanged him on a Neem tree; He became the first martyr and Bhamashah of Rajasthan in the revolution of 1857. Hence all the statements are true.

The land of Rajasthan is witness to the unique sacrifice of the freedom fighters. Balmukund Bissa raised public awareness in Prajamandal movement through Charkha Sangh and Marwar Lok Parishad and attained martyrdom through hunger strike in jail. The martyrdom of Sagarmal Gopa had shaken the autocracy of the Jaisalmer state, for which Gopal Swaroop Pathak Commission was formed to investigate. Zorawar Singh Barhath remained a lifelong enigma for the British police and was never caught alive. Dungji-Jawaharji had openly challenged the British by looting Nasirabad cantonment in 1847. Hence, all the four statements A, B, C and D are completely true.