In the regional geography of Rajasthan, the state is mainly divided into 4 major physical divisions on the basis of surface, climate and river basin. These 4 main physical departments are-1. North-West Desert Region, 2. Aravalli Mountain Region, 3. Eastern Plain Region, and 4. South-Eastern Plateau Region (Hadauti Plateau). First of all Prof. V.C. Mishra in his book 'Geography of Rajasthan' (1967) had divided the state into 7 physical regions, while Dr. Ramlochan Singh in 1971 classified it into 2 large regions and 4 sub-divisions. Dr. Harimohan Saxena has authentically divided Rajasthan into 4 physical parts in 1994. Hence, option B is the correct answer, while the other numbers represent different classification methods.

Pro. V.C. Mishra, in his book 'Geography of Rajasthan' published by the National Book Trust in 1967, presented the first geographical division of the state and divided it into a total of 7 geographical regions. These seven regions are: 1. Western Arid Region, 2. Semi-Arid Region, 3. Canal Region, 4. Aravalli Region, 5. Eastern Agro-Industrial Region, 6. South-Eastern Agricultural Region, and 7. Chambal Rugged Region. Option A (two states) reflects the division presented by Dr. Ramlochan Singh. Option B (four states) shows the authentic physical divisions classified by Dr. Harimohan Saxena. Option C (five regions) expresses general climatic divisions. Hence option D is the correct answer.

The Aravali mountain region is the oldest folded mountain range not only of Rajasthan but of the entire world, which originated in the Pre-Cambrian era (about 65 to 70 crore years ago). This is the residual part of ancient Gondwana Land. On the contrary, option D (Thar Desert) and option B (North-Eastern Plains) are the remains of the Tethys Sea, which were formed in the Pleistocene period and come under new landforms. Option A (Ghaggar plain) is also a depositional plain of late Pleistocene period. Therefore, geographically, the oldest structure is the Aravali mountain region.

Jhalawar is located in the far south-east of the state while Bikaner is located in the north-west. When we move in a straight line in the north-west direction from Jhalawar towards Bikaner, the first to come is the Hadoti Plateau (Jhalawar, Kota, Bundi area) of south-eastern Rajasthan. Moving further, the Banas Basin of the central-eastern part (Bhilwara, Tonk, Ajmer region) is found. Thereafter, crossing the central Aravalli mountain range, we enter the Bikaner plain of the Thar desert. The sequence of geographical features given in options A, B and C does not represent this travel route correctly from directional and geomorphic point of view.

On the basis of structural development, the physical divisions of Rajasthan are considered to be part of two huge highland regions of India. The north-western desert region of Rajasthan and the eastern plains are part of the 'Great Northern Plains' of India, which were formed by the drying up of the Tethys Sea and the deposition of rivers. On the other hand, the Aravalli mountain region and the south-eastern Hadoti Plateau are the north-western extensions of the 'Peninsular Plateau' of India. There is no existence of coastal plains or northern mountainous regions like Himalayas in Rajasthan, hence options B, C and D are false.

The south-eastern plateau region of Rajasthan (Hadauti Plateau) is mainly spread in the districts of Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar, Bhilwara and Chittorgarh, which borders the state of Madhya Pradesh. 10 districts of Rajasthan share the longest interstate border with Madhya Pradesh totaling 1600 km. Option B (Western Arid Region) and Option C (Semi-Arid Region) borders Pakistan, Punjab, Haryana and Gujarat. Option D (Aravalli region) is mainly located in the central part of the state. Therefore, the south-eastern plateau region forms the interstate border with Madhya Pradesh.

The western desert plain region of Rajasthan lies on the international border, sharing the 1070 km long 'Radcliffe Line' with Pakistan. Ganganagar, Anupgarh, Bikaner, Phalodi, Jaisalmer and Barmer districts are located in this border western desert area. Option B (Aravalli region) is located in the interior central part of the state. Option C (south-eastern plateau region) is connected to the border of Madhya Pradesh and option D (eastern plains) touches Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Therefore, only the Western Desert Plain region shares an international border.

Of the four major physical divisions of Rajasthan, the North-Western Desert region is the largest division in terms of area. It is spread over 61.11 percent of the total geographical area of ​​the state (about 1,75,000 sq. km.) where about 40% of the state's population resides. In contrast, Option A (Eastern Plains Region) is spread over 23.30% area, Option D (Aravalli Mountain Region) is spread over 9% area and Option C (South-Eastern Plateau Region) is spread over only 6.89% land area. Therefore, the north-western desert region is the physical part of Rajasthan with the largest area.

The South-Eastern Plateau region of Rajasthan (Hadhauti region) is located in the far south-east of the state and shares a border with the state of Madhya Pradesh, not Haryana. The state of Haryana lies to the north-east of Rajasthan, with the districts of the semi-arid Shekhawati region (Jhunjhunu, Sikar), the Eastern Plains region (Deeg, Bharatpur) and the Aravalli region (Kotputli-Behror, Khairthal-Tijara) forming the interstate border. Therefore, the south-eastern plateau region does not touch Haryana.

Statement B is completely false because the north-eastern plains of Rajasthan are made up of alluvial deposits brought by the Ganga and Yamuna river systems and are considered to be a remnant of the Tethys Sea, and not part of the plain formed by the Indus River. Statement A is true because Aravali is the world's oldest folded mountain range of Pre-Cambrian period. Statement C is true that the western sand plain was part of the Tethys Sea in geologic time. Statement D is also correct that the south-eastern Hadoti Plateau is the north-western extension of Gondwana Land.

Statements A, B and C are all correctly matched. The south-eastern Hadoti Plateau is part of the Gondwana Land consisting of the Vindhya rock group. The western sand plain is the remains of the Tethys Sea formed from Rhyolo-Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks. The Aravalli mountain range is the world's oldest folded mountain range consisting of Delhi Supergroup rocks. Statement D is incorrect because the north-eastern plain is an alluvial plain formed not by the Indus River, but by the Ganga-Yamuna river system. Hence option C (A, B, C) is the correct answer.

If the physical regions of Rajasthan are arranged in geographical order from north to south, Shekhawati region comes to the north. To its south lies the central-eastern Vindhya range and to the west-south the Luni Basin extends, and to the south lies the Mahi plain (Chhappan plain) of South Rajasthan. The order of geographical units given in other options does not follow the correct direction of North-South. Hence option C represents the correct sequence.

Famous geologist A. M. Heron (A. M. Heron) presented the first detailed and basic geological description of the Pre-Cambrian rocks of Rajasthan and the Aravalli-Delhi Supergroup rock formations under the Geological Survey of India (GSI) in 1936 and 1953. T.H.D. La Touche, M.S. Krishnan and A. l. Colson also contributed to the geological study of Rajasthan, but the basic basic description of the Pre-Cambrian rock structure of Aravali was given by A. It is believed to be M. Heron's.

According to the National Agriculture Commission and authentic geographical studies, the Thar Desert (North-Western Desert Region) covers about 61.11% of the total geographical area of ​​Rajasthan (1,75,000 sq. km). About 40% of the total population of the state lives in this vast desert area. It is the desert with the highest population density and highest biodiversity in the world. Hence option B is the correct answer.

About 61 percent of the land area of ​​Rajasthan is covered by desert (Thar Desert). This region extends to the north-west and western parts of the state. It mainly consisted of 12 traditional desert districts, which after the new reorganization expanded into 16 districts. Desert free area covers about 39% of the state (Aravalli, Eastern Plains and Hadoti Plateau). Hence option C is the correct answer.

A total of 40 percent of the state's population lives in the desert area located to the west and north-west of the Aravalli mountain range. The Thar Desert is spread across 12 desert districts declared by the National Agriculture Commission, which occupies 61.11% of the state's land area. Thus, 40% population density is found on 61% area. Hence option A is the correct answer.

The Thar Desert in Rajasthan is continuously expanding from south-west and west towards north-east and east. The advancement of sand dunes due to the influence of south-west monsoon winds and the shifting of sand towards the eastern plains through the erosions and passes found in the Aravalli mountain range is called 'March of the Desert'. Therefore, the main direction of desert expansion is from west to east.

The total area of ​​the Western Desert region of Rajasthan is about 1,75,000 square kilometers, which is about 61.11 percent of the total geographical area of ​​the state (3,42,239 square kilometers). This desert region is mainly divided into two sub-divisions: 1. Dry desert (about 1 lakh square km.) and 2. Semi-arid plains/Rajasthan Bangar (about 75,000 square km.). Hence the total desert area is 1,75,000 square km. (Option C).

In the Jaisalmer and Thar Desert region of western Rajasthan, the highly mobile sand stupas (sand dunes moved by wind) that constantly change their position due to the strong flow of wind are called 'Dharyan' or 'Dharyan' in the local language. Option B (Rohira) is the state flower of Rajasthan. Option C (Khejri) is the state tree of Rajasthan. Option A (cattle) refers to local livestock. Therefore, the correct local word used for moving sand dunes is 'Dharian'.

In the dry desert of western Rajasthan, temporary salt water lakes or depressions formed due to accumulation of rain water in depressions formed by erosion and abrasion of winds are called 'Dhand' or 'Playa' in the local language. Option A (Dhariyan) is called moving sand stupas. Option C (Dhora) is called normal sand dunes. Therefore, temporary lakes formed by wind are called 'Dhaand'.

'Dhand' are called temporary lakes (playa lakes) of salt water formed due to accumulation of rain water in the low lands or troughs located between two sand stupas in the Thar desert. In desert areas, when water evaporates after the rainy season, these lakes dry up and remain as saline troughs. Options A, B and C give incorrect definitions. Hence option D is the correct answer.

The Great Thar Desert extends across both India and Pakistan. About 85% of its total area is located in India, which extends to four Indian states - Rajasthan (maximum about 62%), Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana. There is no extension of desert in Madhya Pradesh, hence option B is false. Saying only Rajasthan or Punjab is a partial answer. Hence option D (Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat, Haryana) is the correct answer.

61.11 percent of the total geographical area of ​​Rajasthan (3,42,239 sq. km.) is covered by desert, which is mathematically equal to approximately two-thirds (2/3). Option A (one-fourth = 25%) and Option C (half = 50%) are much less than the actual desertification spread. Hence option D (about two-thirds) is the correct answer.

Statements B, C and D all three are true. The area of ​​the Thar Desert is approximately 1,75,000 square km. That is, it is 25 cm. It is situated to the west of the parallel line and dynamic Barkhan sand stupas are found in Churu (Bhaleri) and Sikar (Mendha river valley). Statement A is false because the entire desert is not just sand and sand dunes; About 41.50% of its area is sand free (Hammada and rocky desert). Hence, the correct code option is A (B, C, D).

The surface slope of the Thar Desert is from north-east to south-west. The average height of the northern part of the desert is about 300 meters above sea level, while in the southern part, its normal height decreases to 200 meters or less as the slope goes down. Luni river also follows the same slope and flows towards the Rann of Kutch in the south-west. Therefore, the southern part of the desert has the lowest height above sea level.

On administrative and geographical basis, 12 districts of Rajasthan (Sriganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, Jalore, Sikar, Jhunjhunu and Churu) were recognized as complete desert districts by the National Agriculture Commission. Although after the reorganization of new districts in 2023, the number of desert districts has increased to 16, but in traditional multiple choice questions, the National Agriculture Commission's standard number 12 (option D) is considered the correct answer.

Udaipur district is not included in the list of scheduled desert districts declared by the Government of India and the National Agriculture Commission, because Udaipur mainly comes under the Aravalli hill region and Mewar plateau region. Option A (Jhunjhunu), Option C (Jodhpur) and Option D (Jaisalmer) all three come under scheduled desert districts. Hence Udaipur is not a part of the desert area.

In the ancient Indian texts Ramayana and Shrimad Bhagwat Geeta, the word 'Dhanva' or 'Dhanva Pradesh' has been used for a desert or a waterless dry sandy region. In Ramayana, Maharishi Valmiki has called the desert region of western Rajasthan by the names of 'Drumkulya' and 'Dhanva'. Hence this word refers to the desert part of Rajasthan.

Scientists from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee and the Geological Survey of India (GSI) have discovered 167 million years (167 million years old) fossil remains of a herbivorous dinosaur from the dicraeosaurid sauropod category from the Middle Jurassic period in the Jethwai area of ​​Jaisalmer. This new species has been named 'Tharosaurus indicus', which is the oldest herbivorous dinosaur fossil discovered in India. Hence option B is the correct answer.

According to geological history, at the time of continental drift, in ancient times, where the Thar Desert is located today, there used to be a huge sea which was called 'Tethys Sea'. During the Eocene and Pleistocene periods, the Thar Desert was formed due to the retreat of the sea and the deposition of sediments brought by rivers. The salt water lakes like Sambhar, Didwana, Pachpadra found in the desert and the marine wood fossils of Akal village are direct evidence of the Tethys Sea. The remains of Gondwana Land are Aravalli and Hadoti Plateau. Hence option C is the correct answer.

'Playa' lakes are temporary salt water lakes found in the Thar Desert. In dry desert areas, these temporary water bodies are formed when rain water collects in depressions formed by wind erosion, which are also called 'ran' or 'dhand' in the local language. Such dry desert playa structures are not found in Aravalli, Hadoti and eastern plains. Hence option B is the correct answer.

The Thar Desert region is known for the discovery of space meteorites due to its vast open flat surface and sparse population. In the last decade, maximum nine incidents of meteorite fall have been recorded in the Thar Desert region of Rajasthan (Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jalore region). Therefore, the Thar Desert region is called the favorite place of space guests.

The western sandy desert is divided into two parts on the basis of surface structure: 1. Sandblast-rich region (58.50%) and 2. Sandblast-free region (41.50%). Balukastupa free area is a stony and rocky desert (Hammada) spread mainly in Pokaran (Jaisalmer), Ramgarh, Phalodi and some parts of Barmer, whose area is about 85,660 square km. (41.50%). Option B (61.11%) represents the total area of ​​the entire desert. Hence option A is the correct answer.

About 58.5% to 60% of the western sandy desert is covered with different types of sand dunes (longitudinal, barkhan, transverse, parabolic, etc.). The remaining approximately 40% (41.5%) area is rocky desert free of sand stupas. Hence option A (60%) is the nearest and correct answer.

'Baap Boulders Beds' are historically extensive lithic sedimentary rock beds around 'Baap' village in Jodhpur district (present day Naveen Phalodi district). These are formed by glacial deposits, which are considered contemporary with the Talchir Boulder Beds of Permian-Carboniferous age. In the traditional options, the answer is considered to be Jodhpur (option B).

Baap Boulders Beds geologically belong to the Permian-Carboniferous era (Upper Palaeozoic Era). During this period, there was extensive glaciation in this area, due to which deposits of huge stones and fossils which were washed away are found here. The Jurassic Age (Option A) belongs to the Lathi Series and Wood Fossil Park. Hence the correct period is Carboniferous era (option C).

'Thali' is not a type of sand stupa, rather it is a regional geographical name for the high dry sandy land (high plains) of Bikaner, Churu, Sardarshahr and north-western Rajasthan. On the contrary, option B (Barkhan), option C (Parabolic) and option D (Seef) are authentic types of sand stupas built on the basis of wind direction and shape. Hence, thali is the correct answer.

'Inselberg' is a domed hilly residual landform formed by wind erosion (like the Abu mountain range and the granite mountains of Jalore), it is not a type of sand stupa. Parabolic, Barkhan and Seef, all three are forms of sand stupas formed by wind deposition. Hence option D is the correct answer.

Star Dunes are formed in areas where the direction of winds is irregular and multi-directional. Tara Baluka Stupas are especially found in Mohangarh and Pokaran area of ​​Jaisalmer and Suratgarh area of ​​Sriganganagar around Hammada (stony desert) in Rajasthan. Their shape is like a star with 3 or more arms. Hence option A is the correct answer.

Transverse sand stupas are built at right angles (90 degrees) to the direction of the wind. These are mainly found in Poongal, Suratgarh (Sriganganagar), Rawatsar (Hanumangarh) and Churu and Jhunjhunu districts of Bikaner. Tara sand stupas are mainly found in Mohangarh (Jaisalmer). Hence, Poongal and Suratgarh areas of Bikaner are the major areas of transverse stupas, hence option C (A and B) is the correct answer.

Crescent shaped sand dunes formed in the direction of the wind in the Thar Desert are called 'Barkhan' or 'Barchchan'. These sand dunes are the most dynamic and destructive, which contribute the most to desertification. Option B (even) is a completely vegetationless village of Jaisalmer. Option C (Ran) is a salt water marshy depression and option D (Khadin) is a traditional water conservation technique. Hence option A is the correct answer.

Barkhan Sand Stupas are mainly found in Bhaleri village of Churu (most famous), Deshnok and Lunkaransar of Bikaner, Osian of Jodhpur and Jaisalmer and Suratgarh areas. Dantaramgarh (Sikar) has the influence of Aravali hills. Hence, codes A, B and C represent the correct regions, hence the correct option is C.

Barkhan crescent-shaped sand stupa is found mainly in dry and semi-arid transitional desert areas with a height of 20 cm. to 35 cm. Grow abundantly in the intermediate regions of annual isotropes. 20 cm. Longitudinal stupas are found more in the far western region. Hence 20 to 35 cm. The central area of ​​the equator is the main area of ​​Barkhan Stupas.

'Seif' is a longitudinal (windward) sand stupa with a single arm. When there is a change in the direction of wind during the formation of Barkhan, one side of Barkhan moves forward parallel to the wind and turns into a long linear mound, which is called 'Seef'. Hence Seef comes under the longitudinal sand stupa category.

The linear sand stupas built parallel to the wind direction are called longitudinal or leeward stupas, the main form of which is 'seef'. On the contrary, the transverse and barkhan stupas are built at right angles to the direction of the wind and the parabolic stupas are built in hairpin shape. Hence option A is the correct answer.

Longitudinal/Linear sand stupas built along the direction of wind flow have been prominently identified in the ancient Saraswati and Drishdwati river valleys (Sriganganagar, Hanumangarh and western desert flow areas). These stupas extend in the form of long straight ridge-like lines. Hence option A is the correct answer.

In the classification of sand stupas, both 'Barkhan' and 'Parabolic' stupas come under the transverse (right-angled) category on the basis of their wind-direction related characteristics. The linear stupas facing the sea and the wind belong to the longitudinal category. Therefore, the combination of Barkhan and Parabola is the correct representation of transverse stupas.

'Obstacle Dunes' are considered to be the surviving sand dunes. When the path of wind is obstructed by hills, rocks or dense vegetation, these stupas are formed due to accumulation of sand on the windward and windward slopes. Such ancient barrier stupas are found in the hills of Pushkar, Budha Pushkar, Nag Pahad (Ajmer) and Jobner, in which fossil remains are preserved. Hence option A is the correct answer.

The sand stupa found on the largest area in the Thar Desert is 'Parabolic' sand stupa. These stupas are scattered all over the desert region and their shape is like 'hair pin' of women's head or Barkhan unlike the desert. Parabolic stupas are mostly found in Bikaner district. Hence option D is the correct answer.

Among the widely spread sand stupas in the Western Desert, Parabolic Stupas are the most prominent, which are found in almost all the districts of the desert. These mounds, formed with the help of plant roots and small bushes, cover the widest part of the desert. Hence option D is the correct answer.

'Parabolic' is a unique natural sand dune found in the Thar Desert. It is formed by a barrier of desert vegetation and bushes and takes a U-shape or hairpin shape on the opposite side of the barkhan. Options B (Lake), C (Khadin) and D (Tanka) are related to water resources and technologies of the desert. Hence parabolic is a sand stupa.

Situated between Pokhran, Ramgarh and Phalodi of Jaisalmer and south-western areas of Barmer, about 85,660 square km. (41.50%) terrain is sand stupa free area. This area is covered with sedimentary rocks of Tertiary and Jurassic period and stony desert (Hammada) where there is absence of sand stupas. Hence, Phalodi-Pokaran area is the correct answer.

Statement A is true because transverse stupas are found in abundance in Churu and Jhunjhunu. Statement B is also true because barrier stupas are found in Pushkar and Nag Pahar region. Statement C is false because Jodhpur is not a sand stupa free district, but all types of sand stupas (Barkhan, Parabolic, Longitudinal etc.) are found in Jodhpur. Hence, the correct code option is C (A and B).

The sand stupa free area is mainly spread in the south-west of Bikaner, Pokhran and Mohangarh tehsils of Jaisalmer and western part of Phalodi district. In this geological belt, Lathi series and sedimentary rock groups are found which are free from sand dunes. Hence option D shows the correct geographical spread.

'Lathi Series' is a 60 km long and wide geological fresh water belt (Aquifer/Geological Water Belt) located parallel to the international border from Pokaran to Mohangarh in Jaisalmer district. In this strip, a nutritious grass called Sevan (Aegilops) grows and 'Chandan Tubewell' is situated here, which is called 'Thar Ka Ghada' due to abundant supply of drinking water. Although Sevan grass is also found here, its basic identity is as a geological freshwater belt (option A).

'Chandan Tube-well' located in the Lathi Series area of ​​Jaisalmer district is called 'Thar ka Ghada'. In the remote dry Thar desert, sweet and cold drinking water continuously flows in abundance from this tube well, which fulfills the water needs of the surrounding vast desert area. Hence option A is the correct answer.

Statement A is false because Lathi series area is a part of sand stupa free sedimentary rock region, sand stupas are not found in abundance here. Statements B, C and D are completely true: Lathi series is made up of sedimentary rocks of Tertiary period, there is a rich aquifer of sweet underground water (Chandan tube well) and huge reserves of natural oil and gas are located in this geological belt. Hence option A is the correct answer.

'National Wood Fossil Park' (Akal Wood Fossil Park) is situated in Akal village of Jaisalmer district. Fossils of marine plants and trees of the Jurassic period (about 18 crore years ago) are preserved in this park spread over an area of ​​21 hectares under the National Desert Park. Hence, it is situated in Jaisalmer district (option B).

Akal Wood Fossil Park is about 17 km from Jaisalmer city. It is situated in the village 'Aakal' situated on the distant Jaisalmer-Barmer road. Fossilized trunks of trees 180 million years old have been found at this place. Option A (Gadisar) is a historical freshwater lake, C (Tanot) is the temple of Mata Tanot Rai and D (Lodrava) is an ancient Jain pilgrimage. Hence the correct place is 'Akal'.

The semi-arid Bangar region of the Thar Desert is divided into four sub-divisions: 1. Ghaggar plain, 2. Shekhawati region, 3. Nagauri highlands, and 4. Godwar region (Luni basin). Hence A, B and D are parts of Thar Desert. Statement C (Banas plains) is part of the eastern plains, not the desert. Hence, the correct code option is C (A, B, D).

The correct answer is option D (Jodhpur, Pali, Jalore). Luni Basin, also locally known as Godwad region, is the drainage area of ​​the Luni River and its tributaries, located to the west of the Aravalli mountain range. This region mainly includes districts like Jodhpur, Pali, Jalore, Sirohi, Barmer and Balotra. The three districts given in option D (Jodhpur, Pali and Jalore) are integral parts of this natural region. Other options include Baran (in the Hadoti region) or other underserved district groups, which do not fall within the geographical perimeter of the Luni basin. Luni River originates from the Nag Hills of Ajmer and disappears in the Rann of Kutch and its flat alluvial plain is called Godwad region from the point of view of agriculture and animal husbandry.

The correct answer is option D (Shekhawati region). The Shekhawati region (Churu, Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Didwana-Kuchaman and North Nagaur) located in the north-eastern part of Rajasthan completely comes under the Inland Drainage Region. The rivers flowing in this area (like Kantli River) do not fall into any sea or big river but disappear in the local sand stupas or saline troughs (runs). Option A (Central Aravalli Range), Option B (Vindhya region) and Option C (Hadoti region) are associated with external drainage of rivers (Arabian Sea or Bay of Bengal system), hence these are not the main areas of internal flow. In Shekhawati region, raw wells are called 'Johad' and concrete wells are called 'Nada'.

The correct answer is option D because this statement is false. The Ghaggar plain is spread over the vast northern part of Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts (about 60% of Ganganagar and 40% of Hanumangarh area), so it is wrong to say that it does not extend only over one-third of the area. Option A is correct because the path or flow path of river Ghaggar is called 'Nali' or 'Paat' in the local language. Option B is correct because due to Indira Gandhi Canal and Ganga Canal, this area has become highly irrigated and fertile, which is also called the grain bowl of the state. Option C is also correct because it is the northern subdivision of the semi-arid Bangar region.

The correct answer is option B (Western Desert). Luni Basin (Godwar region) is a major physical subdivision of the Thar Desert or the semi-arid plains of the North-Western Desert region (Rajasthan Bangar). It is situated to the west of Aravali and is an alluvial plain formed by the south-west flowing Luni River and its tributaries. Option A (Eastern Plains) is made up of Banas, Chambal and Mahi rivers, option C is the Aravalli mountain range and option D is the plateau part of Hadoti, which is made up of Vindhyan and Deccan lava. Therefore, Luni Basin is completely a part of the Western Desert.

The correct answer is option A (Luni-Jawai Basin). The drainage area of ​​Luni and its main tributary Jawai river in the semi-arid desert region of western Rajasthan is historically and geographically called 'Godwad Pradesh'. This area extends over parts of Pali, Jalore, Barmer, Balotra and Sirohi. Option B (Ghagghar Maidan) is located in Ganganagar-Hanumangarh in the north. Option C (Chambal Basin) is famous for gully erosion and ravines in south-eastern Rajasthan, while Option D (Kali Sindh Basin) is part of the Hadoti Plateau. Therefore Godwad region is just another name for Luni-Jawai basin.

The correct answer is option B (Godwad). The area irrigated and drained by Luni and its tributary Jawai river in the western part of Rajasthan is called Godwad or Godwad Pradesh in the regional language. Option A (Barren) is the common name for the entire semi-arid desert transition zone. Option C (Shekhawati) is the internal drainage area of ​​Sikar, Jhunjhunu and Churu. Option D (Dead River Region) The flow area of ​​Ghaggar River is called Ganganagar-Hanumangarh because Saraswati/Ghagghar is known by the nickname 'Dead River'. Therefore, the correct name of Luni-Jawai Basin is Godwad.

The correct answer is option D (Chhappan Ka Maidan). Chhappan plain is located in the Mahi river basin (Banswara, Pratapgarh and Dungarpur) under the south-eastern plains, which is not a part of semi-arid Rajasthan Bangar. Rajasthan Bangar has four main subdivisions - Ghaggar plain, internal flow area of ​​Shekhawati, Nagauri highlands (where saline lakes like Didwana, Sambhar are found) and Luni-Jawai basin (Godwar region). Therefore, all three options A, B and C are parts of Rajasthan Bangar, whereas Chhappan plain is the geographical identity of the south-eastern plains (Mahi Basin).

The correct answer is option B (300 to 500 metres). Nagauri Highlands is an intermediate sub-geographical division of Rajasthan Bangar, whose normal altitude is found between 300 meters to 500 meters above sea level. This area is barren, sandy and has internal drainage system, where there is abundance of sodium salts and fluoride in the underground. In this area the 'Hunchback belt' extends between Ajmer and Nagaur. Options A, C and D do not represent the standard geographical average elevation of the Nagaur highlands.

The correct answer is option C (Ganganagar and Hanumangarh). The ancient Saraswati/Ghaggar river originating from the Shivalik hills of the Himalayas enters Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan and flows in Ganganagar district. The alluvial plain formed by this river is called 'Ghagghar plain', about 60% of which is located in Ganganagar and 40% in Hanumangarh. Option A (Jhunjhunu and Sikar) falls in Shekhawati region, option B (Jalore and Sirohi) are in the Godwar region and option C (Jaisalmer and Barmer) are part of the dry desert region.

The correct answer is option D because this statement is false. Many saline depressions or 'rann' (Saline Depressions/Rann) like Parihara, Talchhapar, Padihara etc. are found in Shekhawati region, hence it is wrong to say that runs are not found here. Option A is correct because rugged sand stupas are located here. Option B is also true because this entire area is an example of inland drainage. Option C is also correct because Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Churu and Didwana-Kuchaman and North Nagaur are included in its geographical spread.

The correct answer is option B (Luni Basin). Narsinghpur Hills (Sobat) and Hinglaj-ka-Magra (Siwana) are distinctive geomorphic granitic hill outcrops falling within the Luni Basin (Godwar region) in western Rajasthan. Chhappan hills of Siwana region (Balotra/Barmer) and granitic mountains of Jalore are part of this Luni Basin. Option A (Mahi Basin), Option C (Banas Basin) and Option D (Chambal Basin) are located in southern and eastern Rajasthan where these mountains are not located.

The correct answer is option A (Pre-Cambrian). The emergence and development of the Aravalli mountain range took place in the very ancient Pre-Cambrian Era of geological history (about 600 to 700 million years ago). It is part of the ancient Gondwana Land which was formed long before the Caledonian and Alpine orogeny. Options B (Mesozoic), C (Paleozoic) and D (Cenozoic) are the later periods in which the Himalayas and other newly folded mountains developed. Hence Aravali is a formation of Pre-Cambrian era.

The correct answer is option C (in the form of residual mountains). Although Aravalli was a highly folded mountain range at the time of its origin (in the Pre-Cambrian period), but due to continuous weathering & erosion over millions of years, at present it remains only as a 'residual mountain' in the form of hills and ridges. Therefore, in the present geological condition it is called a residual mountain.

The correct answer is option C (Eurasian Plate). According to the theory of plate tectonics, in prehistoric times, when the Indian tectonic plate was breaking away from the southern continent Gondwana Land and flowing northwards, it got separated from the Eurasian plate. As a result of this geological movement and pressure forces, the Aravalli mountain range arose in the Pre-Cambrian period.

The correct answer is option B (Aravalli). The Aravalli mountain range is considered to be the oldest folded mountain range in the entire earth (World's Oldest Folded Mountain Range). It was formed in the Pre-Cambrian era. In contrast, the Himalayas (option C) and the Alps (option D) are very young fold mountains that were formed in the Cenozoic period. Nilgiri (option A) is a block mountain/knot of South India.

The correct answer is option B because this statement is false. From geomorphic and geological point of view, Aravali is compared with the 'Appalachian Mountains' of the United States of America (USA), because Appalachian is also an ancient residual folded mountain like Aravali. Rocky Mountains are a new folded mountain (like Himalaya). All three options A, C and D are completely true statements regarding Aravali.

The correct answer is option B (Gondwana Land). After the division of Pangea in prehistoric times, the southern continental part was called 'Gondwanaland'. The Aravalli mountain region of Rajasthan and the south-eastern Hadoti plateau are the residual parts of this Gondwana Land. Option A (Angaraland) was the northern continental part which has no part in Rajasthan. The Thar Desert and the Eastern Plains are the remains of the Tethys Sea.

The correct answer is option C (Arabian Sea Floor). According to geologists, the origin of the Aravalli mountain range is believed to be from 'Minicoy Island' of Lakshadweep located on the surface of the Arabian Sea in the far south. For this reason, the Arabian Sea is also called 'Father of Aravalli'. Surface level, it is visible from Palanpur (Khedbrahma) in Gujarat, but its southernmost geological root is located at the bottom of the Arabian Sea.

The correct answer is option A (Aravalli Hills). The Aravali mountain range stretches across the central part of Rajasthan as a wall from north-east to south-west, dividing the drainage system of the state into two parts. The rivers flowing to the east of Aravali (Banas, Chambal, Banganga etc.) carry their waters to the Bay of Bengal, while the rivers to the west (Luni, Western Banas, Sabarmati etc.) fall into the Arabian Sea. Therefore Aravali is called the main 'water dividing line' of Rajasthan.

The correct answer is option B (Aravalli). The Aravali mountain range runs almost through the middle of Rajasthan and clearly divides the state into two distinct geographical and climatic regions – humid/sub-humid 'Eastern Rajasthan' in the east and arid/semi-arid 'Western Rajasthan' (Thar Desert) in the west. 50 cm. The annual rainfall line passes parallel to the Aravalli. Other options are not located within the Rajasthan border.

The correct answer is option B (550 km). The total length of the Aravali mountain range is 692 kilometers from Palanpur in Gujarat to Delhi (Raisina Hills). About 80 percent of this total length (i.e. 550 kilometers) is located only in the state of Rajasthan, which extends from Sirohi (Khedarbrahma) in the south-west to Jhunjhunu (Khetri) in the north-east. Hence the length of Aravali in Rajasthan is 550 km. Is.

The correct answer is option A (North-East to South-West). The Aravalli mountain range is in the form of narrow and low altitude hills in the north-east towards Delhi and Jhunjhunu, but as we move from north-east to south-west direction (Ajmer, Rajsamand, Udaipur and Sirohi), its width, density and height of the peaks continuously increases. In the south-western part (Mount Abu, Sirohi) it becomes widest and highest (Guru Shikhar 1722 m).

The correct answer is option C (from Palanpur in Gujarat to Delhi). The surface extension of the Aravalli mountain range starts from Palanpur (Khedbrahma) of Gujarat state in the south-west, passing through Rajasthan and Haryana, to the capital of India Delhi (Raisina Hill, where Rashtrapati Bhavan is located) in the north-east, a total of 692 km. Is extended in length. Other options do not represent the correct starting and ending points of Aravali.

The correct answer is option A (Aravalli Mountains). Among the four major physical divisions of Rajasthan, the average height of the Aravali mountain region is the highest at 930 meters above sea level. Its highest peak Gurushikhar (1722 m) is located in Mount Abu (Sirohi). In contrast, the average height of the Hadoti Plateau is about 500 meters, the average height of the Thar Desert is 200-300 meters and the average height of the Eastern Plains is 150-300 meters. Therefore, Aravali is the highest geographical region of Rajasthan.

The correct answer is option A (North-central part). The Aravalli mountain range is highly truncated and dissected in the central and north-central parts around Ajmer, Jaipur and Sambhar region. Due to the presence of huge gaps (Gaps/Gaps in Aravalli) between the hills in this part, the spread of desert sand towards the east (desert march) is happening easily. The Aravalis in the south-west are extremely dense and unbroken.

The correct answer is option C (Southern). The southern mountainous part of Aravali (especially Sirohi, Udaipur and Rajsamand district areas) is directly hit by the Arabian Sea branch of the south-west monsoon. Mount Abu (Sirohi), located in the Southern Aravali, is the place with the highest rainfall (more than 150 cm) in the state. In the north-eastern and central Aravalli parts, there is less rainfall due to parallel monsoon and low altitude.

The correct answer is option D (Ajmer). The maximum extension and density of the Aravalli mountain range in Rajasthan is found in Udaipur district, while its least extension, lowest height and maximum gap is located in Ajmer district of Central Aravalli. In options A and B, the southern extension of Aravalli is more and in Rajsamand also high mountain ranges of Aravalli (like Kumbhalgarh) are located. Therefore, the spread of Aravalli is the least in Ajmer.

The correct answer is option D (Vindhya Khand). Vindhyan Scarpland is not a part of Aravalli but is a part of south-eastern Hadoti plateau and Chambal-Dang region. Option A (Abu Division) is the highest part of the Southern Aravalli Range, Option B (Alwar Division) and Option C (Jaipur Division) are the major regional sub-divisions of the Northern Aravalli Region. Hence Vindhya section is not included in Aravalli.

The correct answer is option D (Achalgarh). Achalgarh mountain peak (height 1380 m) falls in the Mount Abu region of Sirohi district, which is part of the Southern Aravali. Option A (Nag Pahar, 795 m) and Option C (Taragarh, 870 m) both are peaks of the Central Aravali located in Ajmer district. Option B (Raghunathgarh, 1055 m) is the highest mountain peak of the Northern Aravali in Sikar district. Hence Achalgarh is situated in Southern Aravalli.

The correct answer is option C (Nagpahar). Nag Pahar (height 795 m) is located in Ajmer district, which is part of the 'Central Aravalli Region' (where the Luni River originates). On the contrary, option A (Bairath, Kotputli-Jaipur), option B (Sirawas, Alwar) and option D (Bilali, Khairthal-Ajmer) are the major mountain peaks of the Northern Aravalli region. Hence, Nag Pahad does not belong to Northern Aravali.

The correct answer is option A (Sambhar region). The lowest altitude part of the Central Aravalli region is Sambhar Lake and its surrounding plains, where the Aravalli mountain range becomes extremely low, fragmented and gapped. This is an area with a much lower altitude than sea level. In contrast, option B (Bhorat Plateau) is a high plateau between Kumbhalgarh to Gogunda and D (Abu Block) is the highest mountainous section of Rajasthan.

The correct answer is option A (in Northern Aravali). Bhangarh (Alwar), Bilali (Khairthal-Tijara, 775 m) and Sirawas (Alwar, 651 m) all these mountain ranges come under the Northern Aravalli region of Rajasthan. The Northern Aravalli region is spread mainly in the hills of Jaipur, Kotputli, Behror, Alwar and Shekhawati. Central Aravali includes Ajmer-Merwara hills and Southern Aravali includes Mewar and Abu mountains.

The correct answer is option A (from granite). The Mount Abu block is a huge domed batholith structure, composed mainly of ancient igneous granite and gneiss rocks. Due to erosion on the granite rocks here, special shapes like Nunki/Toad Rock have been formed. Hadoti Plateau is made of basalt rocks. Therefore, Mount Abu is mainly made of granite.

The correct answer is option D (Mount Abu). Mount Abu is a high mountain range located in Sirohi district which is part of the 'Southern Aravalli Region' and not the eastern plains. Options A (Kota), B (eastern part of Ajmer) and C (Bundi) fall within the boundaries of the Eastern Plains region and the adjoining Chambal/Banas basin. Therefore, Mount Abu being a mountainous region is not a part of the Eastern Plains.

The correct answer is option B. Statement (A) is true that due to excess rainfall and moisture, dense evergreen and deciduous forests are found on the eastern slopes of Aravali (towards Mewar and Hadoti). Reason (R) is also completely true because the monsoon of Bay of Bengal directly hits the eastern slopes and provides more rainfall (60-80 cm) and these slopes are more intense and exposed to monsoon winds. Reason (R) explains the exact geographical reason for the dense vegetation given in statement (A).

The correct answer is option B (1, 2 and 4 are correct). Statement 1 is true because Aravali acts as a natural barrier preventing the Thar Desert from expanding eastwards. Statement 2 is true because being made of Pre-Cambrian Dharwad rocks, metallic minerals like copper, lead, zinc, iron etc. are found in abundance in Aravalli. Statement 4 is also true because rivers like Banas, Luni, Sabarmati, Bedach originate from Aravali. Statement 3 is false because the distribution of rainfall in Rajasthan is completely controlled by the position of Aravali (parallel to the south-west monsoon).

The correct answer is option C ((ii) and (iv)). Fact (ii) is true that due to erosion, Aravali currently exists as a residual mountain range. Fact (iv) is also true that it extends from south-west (Palanpur) to north-east (Delhi). Fact (i) is false because it was formed in the 'Pre-Cambrian' era and not in the Cambrian. Fact (iii) is false because Aravali is mainly made up of metamorphic rocks (quartzite, schist, gneiss) of Delhi Supergroup. Hence only (ii) and (iv) are true.

The correct answer is option A. Statement (A) is absolutely true that despite being in the path of monsoon winds, Rajasthan is an arid/semi-arid state with low average rainfall. Reason (R) is also completely true because the Arabian Sea branch of the south-west monsoon flows exactly parallel to the direction of the Aravalli mountain range (from south-west to north-east), due to which the monsoon clouds move straight ahead towards Himachal without any mountainous obstruction and are unable to cause rainfall. R is the correct geographical explanation of A.

The correct answer is option C (Chittaurgarh). Chittorgarh district is such a unique region of Rajasthan where the Aravalli mountain ranges (like the Mesa plateau, on which the Chittorgarh fort is situated) are found in the western and central parts, while the Vindhya ledge and plateau form of the Vindhyachal mountain range is present in the eastern part of the district (Bhansrodgarh and Rawatbhata areas). This dual geological feature is not found in other options.

The correct answer is option D (Gagron). The water fort of Gagron, located at the confluence of Ahu and Kalisindh rivers in Jhalawar district, is not located in the Aravalli mountain range, rather it is located in the Vindhyachal mountain range (Hadoti plateau region). In contrast, Kumbhalgarh (Rajsamand), Chittorgarh (Chittorgarh Mesa Plateau) and Nahargarh (Jaipur) are famous forts built on the hills of the Aravali mountain range.

The correct answer is option B (23%). The Eastern Plains region of Rajasthan is spread over about 23.30 percent of the total geographical area of ​​the state. About 39% of the state's population lives in this fertile alluvial plain. Option A (61%) is the area of ​​the desert region, option C (9%) is the area of ​​the Aravali mountain region and option D is incorrect data. Hence, the Eastern Plains is spread over 23% of the state's land area.

The correct answer is option B (Eastern Plains Region). The eastern plains are made up of fertile alluvial soil brought by rivers (Banas, Chambal, Mahi, Banganga). Here, due to availability of irrigation resources, favorable climate and high soil fertility, maximum production of food crops like wheat, barley, gram, mustard etc. For this reason it is called the 'Granary of Rajasthan'.

The correct answer is option B (Jawai Basin). The Jawai Basin (Jawai River drainage area) is part of the 'Luni Basin/Godwar Region' in western Rajasthan, which is part of the desert semi-arid Bangar Region. On the contrary, Option A (Chambal Basin), Option C (Chhappan/Central Mahi Basin) and Option D (Banas-Banganga Basin) are the three major sub-divisions of the Eastern Plains region. Hence Jawai is not a part of the Eastern Plains.

The correct answer is option C (Eastern Plains). Banas plain is a vast alluvial plain region formed by the Banas river and its tributaries (Berach, Kothari, Khari, Mansi etc.), which is the intermediate and main sub-division of the 'Eastern Plains' of Rajasthan. It is mainly divided into Mewar plain (in the south) and Malpura-Karauli plain (in the north). Hence it is part of the eastern plain.

The correct answer is option B (2 and 3). Statement 2 is true because the average height of Banas plain is 150 to 300 meters. Statement 3 is also true because it is made of fertile alluvial soil laid down by rivers. Statement 1 is false because it is very suitable for agriculture due to fertile soil. Statement 4 is false because the general slope of the Banas plain is towards the east and north-east (where the Banas river flows and joins the Chambal), not towards the west.

The correct answer is option C (Banas Basin). The northern part of Banas Basin is called 'Malpura-Karauli Plain', which is mainly spread in Tonk, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli and Ajmer districts. This plain is a flat peneplain region formed by the Banas and its tributaries. Famous geologist A. M. Heron named it 'Third Peneplain'. Hence, it is a sub-division of Banas Basin.

The correct answer is option C (Malpura-Karauli Plains). Famous geologist A. M. Heron had classified and marked the north-eastern flat high plain part of Banas Basin (which is located in Tonk, Karauli and Sawai Madhopur) as 'Third Peneplain' in his geomorphic study. Other options are not known by this specific geological name.

The correct answer is option D (incised topography). Due to intense Gully Erosion by the Chambal River and its tributaries, 'Badland Topography' and ravines have formed in the Chambal Basin (Kota, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Dholpur). This is the most prominent topographic feature of the Chambal Basin.

The correct answer is option B (Chambal Basin). Ravines are found widely in the downstream area of ​​Chambal River (Chambal Basin) in the districts of Sawai Madhopur, Karauli and Dholpur. Such rough relief shapes created by gully erosion are not found in Luni Basin, Shekhawati and Bangar region.

The correct answer is option C (Karauli-Plateau). The upper irregular, high and forested plateau part of the ravines of Chambal river in Karauli, Dholpur and Sawai Madhopur districts is called 'Dangland' or 'Dang area'. In this, 'Karauli Plateau' is the main part of Dang region, that is why Karauli is also called 'Queen of Dang'. Bhorat, Abu and Chittorgarh are separate parts of Aravalli/Hadauti.

The correct answer is option D (Dholpur and Sawai Madhopur). Due to excessive channel erosion of the Chambal River, the highest density and extent of rugged and incisive topography is found in Dholpur, Sawai Madhopur and Karauli districts. Dholpur is also called the gateway to the ravines. Ganganagar-Hanumangarh are plains and rugged ravines are not formed in Jhalawar-Dungarpur.

The correct answer is option B (Mid-Mahi Basin). The flow area of ​​the Mahi River and its tributaries (Som, Jakham) in South Rajasthan is called the 'Mid-Mahi Basin'. In the same basin, 'Chhappan ka Maidan' between Pratapgarh-Banswara, the hilly area of ​​Dungarpur-Banswara is called 'Vagad' and the coastal area of ​​Mahi in Pratapgarh is called 'Kanthal'. Therefore, these three geographical features are part of the mid-Mahi basin.

The correct answer is option C (Mahi). 'Chhappan Ka Maidan' is located in the drainage basin of the Mahi River in South Rajasthan. This plain is a fertile plain formed by a group of 56 rivers/villages irrigated by the tributaries of Mahi River between Pratapgarh and Banswara districts. Hence it belongs to the Mahi river basin.

The correct answer is option C (Southern part). Chhappan Ka Maidan is located in the remote 'southern part' of Rajasthan in the districts of Banswara, Pratapgarh and Dungarpur. Ghaggar plain is situated in the north, Banas-Chambal plain in the east and Thar desert in the west. Hence Chhappan plain is a part of the southern geographical region of Rajasthan.